1. Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance
The heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes.

2. Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition.
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition.

3. ABO blood groups have three forms of alleles.
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Multiple Alleles
Blood groups in humans
ABO blood groups have three forms of alleles.

4. Multiple alleles can demonstrate a hierarchy of dominance.
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Coat Color of Rabbits
Multiple alleles can demonstrate a hierarchy of dominance.
In rabbits, four alleles code for coat color: C, cch, ch, and c.
Option 2 (continued on the next slide)

5. Coat Color of Rabbits 11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Coat Color of Rabbits
Chinchilla
Albino
Light gray
Option 2
Dark gray
Himalayan

6. Sex chromosomes determine an individual’s gender.
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Sex Determination
Sex chromosomes determine an individual’s gender.

7. Chromosome inactivation
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Dosage Compensation
The X chromosome carries a variety of genes that are necessary for the development of both females and males.
The Y chromosome mainly has genes that relate to the development of male characteristics.
Chromosome inactivation
Barr bodies

8. Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Polygenic Traits
Polygenic traits arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes.

9. Environmental Influences
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Environmental Influences
Environmental factors
Diet and exercise
Sunlight and water
Temperature

10. Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Twin Studies
Helps scientists separate genetic contributions from environmental contributions
Traits that appear frequently in identical twins are at least partially controlled by heredity.
Traits expressed differently in identical twins are strongly influenced by environment.

11. Telomere caps consist of DNA associated with proteins.
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity
Telomeres
Telomere caps consist of DNA associated with proteins.
Serves a protective function for the structure of the chromosome

12. Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance
Inferring Genotypes
Knowing physical traits can determine what genes an individual is most likely to have.
Predicting Disorders
Record keeping helps scientists use pedigree analysis to study inheritance patterns, determine phenotypes, and ascertain genotypes.

13. Images of chromosomes stained during metaphase
Chapter 11
Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity
Karyotype Studies
Karyotype—micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size.
Images of chromosomes stained during metaphase
Chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size to produce a micrograph.

14. Pedigree
= Males
Key:
= Females
Shading
= Have trait
(Attached Earlobes = f )
No Shading
= Do not have trait
(Free Earlobes = F) 1 2 3 I II

15. What are the Genotypes of the people shown below?4 5 1 2 3 6 I II F ff f f f ? ? ? f f f f

16. Not Married but Biological mom and dad
What Does Each One Show?
Divorce
- - -
Adoption
Not Married but Biological mom and dad
Divorce and Death