1. Chemical Bonds: the attractive (intramolecular) forces, ie.“ the glue”, strong enough to maintain a group of atoms together for an indefinite amount of time. There are three basic types of bonds: Ionic, Covalent, & Metallic.

2. IonicCovalentMetallic Bonding  e- transfer   EN > 1.6  Crystal lattice  ions  Na + Cl Na + 3s 1 3s 2 3p 5 Cl -  “salts”  very strong bonds generally between metals and non metals.  Solids at room temp.  Poor conductors of electricity in a solid state +-  sharing  1.6 >  EN > 0  “molecules”  hypothetical charge  H + H H H 1s 1 1s 1 1s 2  orbital overlap  Bonding e- are localized between two atoms  Formed between two nonmetals  “sea” of e-  e- are delocalized. “glue” Bonds

3. METALLIC BONDS AlloyComposition Brass60-95% copper, 5-40% zinc Bronze90% copper, 10% tin Carbon steel99% iron, 0.2 – 1.5 % carbon pewter91% tin, 7.5% antimony, 1.5% copper Stainless steel70% iron, 18-20% chromium, 8-12% nickel Sterling silver92.5% silver, 7.5% copper 18 K gold75% Au, 12.5% silver, 12.5 % copper

4. IONIC BONDS

7. DIPOLE MOMENT & POLARITY Polarity is a term that describes the charge distribution about either a bond or a molecule. POLAR covalent bond If the electrons involved in a bond are unequally distributed along the bond axis and the electrons reside closer to the more electronegative atom, this bond is refered to as a POLAR covalent bond. NONPOLAR covalent bonds If the electrons are equally distributed (shared) along the bond axis then this type of bond is called NONPOLAR covalent bonds. dipole moment A dipole moment can be used to visualize the polarity of the bond and is represented by an arrow pointing towards the more electronegative atom and a “+” on the tail.

8. COVALENT BONDS POLAR COVALENT BONDS

9. NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS

10. The Basics

11. POLARITY OF A BOND +  +  +  H-Cl S - N C - O 2.1 - 3.0 2.5 - 3.0 2.5 - 3.5  = 0.9  = 0.5  = 1.0 polar covalent bond. If bonds were formed between any of the above examples, the bond would be refered to as a polar covalent bond. A dipole moment can be drawn in each case because the difference in electronegativity is greateer than zero. The example below has zero difference in electronegativity and no dipole can be drawn. nonpolar covalent bond S - C nonpolar covalent bond 2.5 - 2.5  = 0

12. ALLOTROPES DIFFERENT STRUCTURES : SIMILAR FORMULAS