1. 06/09/2005Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus 1 Analyzing and Developing Base Load for WCDMA Base Station Automated Testing System Thesis written at Nokia Networks in Espoo Author: Jesse Kruus Supervisor: Prof. Sven-Gustaf Häggman Instructor: M.Sc Markku Pellava

2. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus2 06/09/2005 Agenda Background, research questions and methods Analysis of real 3G network traffic Base load development Conclusions and future considerations Questions

3. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus3 06/09/2005 Background, research question and methods The Thesis was done as a part of an automation project at Nokia Networks. The purpose of the Thesis was to improve the quality in the R&D work of WCDMA Base Station Verification. The idea was to develop base load for the automated testing system, which simulates real 3G network traffic as well as possible. Base load related theory was studied and an analysis of real 3G network traffic was done to prepare the base load development. Handovers and RAB services were examined in the theory part. Statistics about RAB services and handovers that occured in the analyzed 3G network were examined. The current testing environment had to be updated also for the needs of base load development.

4. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus4 06/09/2005 3G Network architecture UE – User Equipment UTRAN – UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network RNC – Radio Network Controller MSC – Mobile Switching Center GMSC – Gateway MSC VLR – Visitor Location Register HLR – Home Location Register SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node

5. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus5 06/09/2005 Handovers The handover types can be divided in softer, soft and hard handovers. In softer handover the radio links are made under the same Base Station within the different cells (sectors). The UE can have multiple simultaneous active radio link connections from different sectors. Softer handover

6. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus6 06/09/2005 Handovers (2) Soft handover is performed between two cells belonging to different Base Stations. In a soft handover event the source and target cells have the same frequency. The UE can have multiple simultaneous active radio link connections from different Base Stations. Soft handover

7. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus7 06/09/2005 Handovers (3) The inter-frequency handovers (IFHOs) are categorized to hard handovers. The source and target cells have different frequencies when performing IFHOs. Several carriers can be used in the WCDMA network e.g. with high capacity sites or between micro and macro cells. Inter-frequency handovers (IFHOs)

8. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus8 06/09/2005 Handovers (4) Inter-system handovers (ISHOs) are categorized also to hard handovers. ISHOs are made between WCDMA and GSM systems. These handovers can be used e.g. for coverage or load balancing reasons. Inter-system handovers (ISHOs)

9. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus9 06/09/2005 Radio Access Beares (RAB) services The RAB Service provides confidential transport of signalling and user data between MT and CN Iu Edge Node. TE - Terminal Equipment MT – Mobile Termination UTRAN – UMTS Terrestial Radio Access Network CN – Core Network

10. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus10 06/09/2005 Different RAB services Circuit Switched RAB services: CS Voice services (e.g. AMR calls) CS Conversational services (e.g. video calls) CS Streaming services Packet Switched RAB services: Non Real Time (NRT) PS Data services (UMTS QoS profiles: Background and Interactive) Real Time (RT) PS Data Services (UMTS QoS profiles: Streaming and Conversational)

11. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus11 06/09/2005 Analysis of real 3G traffic Two foreign 3G operator were contacted and asked desired data for the analysis. But only from one operator were possible to get the desired statistics in time. The analysis was based on the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) statistics. The analyzed Radio Access Network (RAN) topology: 18 RNCs and ~4000 Base Stations. The statistics were collected from all 18 RNCs during Spring 2005. The RAB services statistics based on the call attempts made in the analyzed network. The statistics were lacking some needed soft handover information, but some older statistics were used to cover that part.

12. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus12 06/09/2005 Results of the analysis The distribution of RAB services: Almost as much PS Data call attemtps (46,6%) as normal CS voice call attempts (50,9%). Also a noticeable amount of CS Conversational (2,4%) call attemtps (video calls). The amount of call attempts per day: In average 40000 CS voice call attempts through one RNC.

13. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus13 06/09/2005 Results of the analysis (2) The hourly statistics: During ”busy hour” over 6000 call attempts were made. During nights there were more PS Data call attempts than CS voice call attempts. The distribution of delivered bits by different PS Data bit rates: Downlink bit rates: 64, 128 and 384 kbps. Uplink bit rate: 64 kbps. Proportionally the most used bit rates were 64 and 128 kbps.

14. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus14 06/09/2005 Results of the analysis (3) Soft handovers were definately the dominating type of handovers. More ISHOs were made than IFHOs. The amount of IFHOs should increase after the operators start to use more carrier frequencies.

15. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus15 06/09/2005 The base load development The base load was developed according to the results of the analysis part. The base load was designed to operate with 32 UEs. There was already developed a tool (Program X) to configure and control these UEs. A programmable attenuator (JFW box) was added to the existing automated testing system to initiate handovers. An automation tool was developed with Labview to control both Program X and JFW box. This tool will be actually a good platform for base load tool development. Three fixed call durations was decided to use in the base load. These are: 30 s, 5 min and 20 min.

16. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus16 06/09/2005 The base load development (2) The updated automated testing system:

17. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus17 06/09/2005 The base load development (3) The designed base load for three cells e.g. 1+1+1 CEC, duration one hour.

18. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus18 06/09/2005 The base load development (4) The call setups were designed to be done stepwise to avoid simultaneous signalling. 432 calls are done during one hour in the base load. This simulates a high traffic Base Station.

19. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus19 06/09/2005 Conclusions and future considerations The developed base load simulates the analyzed 3G traffic quite well. Only the call durations were decided to have three fixed durations. The base load is designed for the system testing phase in the product development. The base load can be used as a background traffic when testing different Base Station features. It can be used also when testing other network elements (e.g. RNC). New analysis will be done every now and then. New base loads can be implemented according to the new analysis. A base load tool development work will also continue in the future. For example, succes rates for RAB setups and handovers would be nice features to implement.

20. Master's Thesis Seminar - Jesse Kruus20 06/09/2005 Thank you! Questions? Comments?