1. 1 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Software Quality Week 1996 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality - Otto Vinter Manager Software Technology and Process Improvement email: ovinter@bk.dk

2. 2 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Brüel & Kjaer Skodsborgvej 307, DK-2850 Naerum, Denmark Tel: +45 4280 0500, Fax: +45 4280 1405 High-Precision Electronic Instrumentation for Sound Vibration Condition Monitoring Gas Measurements

3. 3 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © European System and Software Initiative (ESSI) An Accompanying Measure to ESPRIT The European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technologies ESSI Objectives Promote Improvements in the Software Development Process in Industry Improve Current Practice by Applying State-of-the-art in Software Engineering Evaluate State-of-the-art Supports Disseminate Experience across Borders and Industrial Sectors ESSI Lines of Actions Assessments Process Improvement Experiments Dissemination

4. 4 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © The PET Process Improvement Experiment The Prevention of Defects through Experience-Driven Test Efforts (PET) PET Objectives Extract knowledge on frequently occurring problems in the development process for embedded software Change the development process by defining the optimum set of methods and tools available to prevent these problems reappearing Measure the impact of the changes in a real-life development project Partner in the Consortium: DANFOSS a leading manufacturer of mechatronic products performing a similar experiment

5. 5 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Defect Analysis from Error Logs Error Logs Analysed Embedded software development projects Project sizes app. 7 manyears 1100 bugs analyzed from the error logs Bugs are anything between serious defects and suggestions for improvements Bug reporting starts in the integration phase Bug reports covered a period until 18 months after first release

6. 6 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Defect Analysis from Error Logs Bug Categorisation Based on a bug classification scheme by Boris Beizer: -Boris Beizer: Software Testing Techniques, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold comprehensive set of bug categories contains statistics from many projects categorization performed in teams -1-2 developers and 1-2 process consultants -app. 5 minutes / bug

7. 7 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © The Beizer Bug Classification Scheme 1. Requirements and Features 2. Functionality as Implemented 3. Structural Bugs 4. Data 5. Implementation (standards violation, and documentation) 6. Integration 7. System and Software Architecture 8. Test Definition or Execution Bugs 9. Other Bugs, Unspecified Each category detailed to a depth of up to 4 levels

8. 8 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Defect Analysis from Error Logs Category Our AnalysisBeizer Statistics 1.Requirements 23,5 % 8,1 % 2. Functionality 24,3 % 16,2 % 3. Structural 20,9 % 25,2 % 4. Data 9,6 % 22,4 % 5. Implementation 4,3 % 9,9 % (5,9 %) 6. Integration 5,2 % 9,0 % 7.Architecture 0,9 % 1,7 % 8. Test 6,9 % 2,8 % 9.Unspecified 4,3 % 4,7 % TOTAL 100,0 % 100,0 %

9. 9 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Defect Analysis from Error Logs Other Questions to Capture Subjective Information on the Bugs when was the bug found in the development life-cycle frequency of bugs found over time in which part (module) of the product who found the bug what could prevent the bug

10. 10 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Defect Analysis from Error Logs

11. 11 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Defect Analysis from Error Logs Results of the Analysis no special bug class dominates embedded software development requirements problems, and requirements related problems, are the prime bug cause (36%) problems due to lack of systematic unit testing is the second largest bug cause (22%) management attention to software process issues Actions to Improve Unit Testing introduction of static and dynamic analysis host/target tools basic set of metrics

12. 12 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © The PET Experiment Original Objective: to implement changes to the testing process in the development of the next version of a product and measure the results Revised Objective: to assess a trial-release of a product to increase test coverage to industry best practice (branch coverage > 85%) to measure the effect after production release and determine the effectiveness of static/dynamic analysis

13. 13 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Static / Dynamic Analysis Results 108 Bugs Found before Trial Release 73 Bugs found by regression testsuite -66% branch coverage achieved 105 Person days used 60 Bugs Found by Static / Dynamic Analysis 33 Bugs found by static analysis 27 Bugs found by dynamic analysis -93% branch coverage achieved 40 Person days used 46% Improvement in testing efficiency

14. 14 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Results of Static Analysis Type of Bug Distribution Use of uninitialised variable: 15 % Variable defined but not used in scope:24 % Variable redefined with no use in between:36 % Parameter mismatch: 6 % Unreferenced procedure:18 % Declared but not used variable: 0 % Other types of static bugs: 0 % Complexity Metrics 88 % correlation between procedures with McCabe > 10 and XLOC > 100 Neither McCabe’s Metric nor Code Size correlated with bugs per line of code

15. 15 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity Metric

16. 16 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Static Flowgraph (McCabe = 10)

17. 17 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Static Flowgraph (McCabe = 20)

18. 18 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Trial-release Error Density

19. 19 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Trial-release Error Average

20. 20 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Dynamic Analysis Results Test System for Dynamic Analysis

21. 21 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Dynamic Analysis Results

22. 22 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Dynamic Analysis Results # Tested Branches + # Inspected Branches ------------------------------------------------------------------- >= 85% # Total Branches - # Dead Branches Final Coverage 93% Tested Branches 75% Dead Branches 9.5% Inspected Branches 9.5% Instrumented Code Expansion approximately 40% Massive Data Output During Execution (1 GB)

23. 23 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Dynamic Analysis Results

24. 24 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Comparison of Test Efficiency Hours per bug Static Analysis 1,6 Current Development 7,2 Dynamic Analysis 9,0 Current Maintenance 14,0

25. 25 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Measurements on Production Release 75% Reduction in Production-Release Bugs Compared to Trial-Release 70% Requirements Bugs in Production-Release => Increased focus on improving the requirements process

26. 26 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © Conclusions on Static/Dynamic Analysis Performance Improvement an efficient way to remove bugs marginal delay on trial release date marginal increase in the testing resources required immediate payback on tools, training & implementation remarkably improved test coverage increased quality reduced maintenance costs increased motivation applicable to the whole software development industry, incl. embedded software

27. 27 Experience-Driven Process Improvement Boosts Software Quality © In Conclusion Defect Analysis from Error Logs is a simple and effective way to assess the software development process The Analysis of Bugs has had a significant impact on the way we now look at our software development process has established a basic set of metrics for test activities starting point for process improvement programmes in companies