1. Cognitivism Martin Valcke Martin.Valcke@UGent.be http://users.ugent.be/~mvalcke/CV/CVMVA.htm

2. Structure Activity 1: learning experiment Miller Introduction Information processing Activity 2: dual channel theory Representation & development of declarative & procedural knowledge Activity 3: NLR Activity 4: Questions & Bloom’s taxonomy

3. Activity 1 Experiment based on Miller 1957

4. Cognitivism Internal processes Key concepts: stages, memories, limitations, interaction, subprocesses (perceiving, repeating, representing, reflecting, imagining, abstracting, comparing, …)

5. Working memory Central Executive Episodic buffer Phonological loop Visuo-spatial sketchpad Verbal info Visuo-spatial info Verbal and viso- spatial ino

6. Activity 2: experiment Dual Channel Theory: Paivio (1986) en Mayer (2001) Mayer (2001) and Paivio (1986)

7. MM presentation Sensory Memory Working Memory Long Term Memory Words Images Hearing Looking Sound Image Verbal Model Visual Model Prior Knowledge Integration Organisation Learning Mayer (2001) and Paivio (1986)

8. Theoretical base Representation of knwoledge –Declarative knowledge –Procedural knowledge Development of knowledge –Declarative knowledge –Procedural knowledge

9. Representation declarative knowledge Proposition(s) Basis unit information: argument and relations

10. Representation declarative knowledge Images Based on a perception; part of original perception is retained

11. Representation declarative knowledge linear order On top of proposition network and images: structure Vb. ABCD, EFG, HIJK, LMNOP, QRS, TUV en WXYZ. Vb. Notes Vb. durch für ohne um bis nach gegen

12. Ormrod, 2008

13. Representation declarative knowledge schemas (based on propositions, images, and linear order) Knowledge is not set of unstructured ideas.

14. Schemas Memory structure Abstraction Network Dynamic structure Context Frames (special schemes)

15. Example “frame”: special schema for “party”

16. Underdeveloped schemas: personal theories ~ misconceptions

17. Relationships in declarative knowledge Facts Concepts Procedures Metacognition

18. Representation procedural knowledge Production system Production b Production a Production d Production c

19. P1 IF xxxxxxxxx, Then yyy. P2 If a Then b P3 If c Then d

20. Development declarative knowledge Two mental processes are cenral: Elaboration Organisation

21. Elaboration Integrates knowledge Links new to old knowledge

22. Organisation Organisation acts on available schemas in memory. Strenghtening internal cognitive structure.

23. Organisation Structuring, order Hierarchy

24. Ways to structure the ideas about how species “evolve” Matuk en Uttal (2010): “All have tails, but only two have horns” - Inventing an intuitive representation of relatedness.

25. Development procedural knowledge Cognitive phase Associative phase Autonomous phase Goal directedness!!

26. Cognitive Phase Stepwise storage of individual productions in memory In fact: as declarative knowledge (schemas) Facts Concepts Procedures Metacognition

27. In this phase we try to release support of single productions in memory We try to eliminate consultation memory. Associative phase

28. Autonomous phase Automatic result of associative phase. Difficult to predict when achieved.

29. Relationships in procedural knowledge http://www.transitionmathproject.org/partners/wcp/doc/bloom.pdf

31. Activity 4 Read text “hormones” Apply evidence based principle: developing non-linguistic representation

32. Activity 5a Make list of questions (prep activity) Structure these questions from “easy” to “complex”

33. Activity 5b Make list of questions (prep activity) Structure these questions from “easy” to “complex” Apply Bloom’s Taxonomy to ground your classification

34. King Questions are critical See King, A. (1992). Comparison of Self-Questioning, Summarizing, and Notetaking-Review as Strategies for Learning From Lectures. Starters

35. King: starters

36. Cognitivism Martin Valcke Martin.Valcke@UGent.be http://users.ugent.be/~mvalcke/CV/CVMVA.htm