1. 1 Bacteria Structure and Function

2. 2 Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

3. 3 Earliest Prokaryotes Most numerousMost numerous organisms on Earth bacteriaInclude all bacteria Earliest fossils dateEarliest fossils date 3.5 billion years old

4. 4 Characteristics Bacteria are microscopic, living cells that live almost EVERYWHERE!Bacteria are microscopic, living cells that live almost EVERYWHERE! Bacteria are smaller than plant or animal cellsBacteria are smaller than plant or animal cells Bacteria are prokaryotic since they do not have membrane- bound internal structuresBacteria are prokaryotic since they do not have membrane- bound internal structures

5. 5 Characteristics Some bacteria have a capsule around the cell wall, while others have an outer slime layerSome bacteria have a capsule around the cell wall, while others have an outer slime layer Many have whip-like tails called flagella to help them moveMany have whip-like tails called flagella to help them move Most bacteria reproduce by fissionMost bacteria reproduce by fission

6. 6 Bacterial Cell

7. 7 Characteristics 3 basic shapes (coccus, bacillus, spirilla)3 basic shapes (coccus, bacillus, spirilla) Most are heterotrophic (can’t make their own food ~ consumers or parasites),but some are producers (autotrophs) that make their own foodMost are heterotrophic (can’t make their own food ~ consumers or parasites),but some are producers (autotrophs) that make their own food May be aerobes (use oxygen) or anaerobes (do not use oxygen)May be aerobes (use oxygen) or anaerobes (do not use oxygen) Identified by Gram stainingIdentified by Gram staining

8. 8 Shapes Are Used to Classify Bacillus: Rod shapedBacillus: Rod shaped Coccus: Spherical (round)Coccus: Spherical (round) Vibrio: Comma shaped with flagellaVibrio: Comma shaped with flagella Spirillum: Spiral shapeSpirillum: Spiral shape Spirochete: wormlike spiral shapeSpirochete: wormlike spiral shape

9. 9

10. 10 Grouping of Bacteria Diplo- Groups of twoDiplo- Groups of two Strepto- chainsStrepto- chains Staphylo- Grapelike clustersStaphylo- Grapelike clusters

11. 11

12. 12

13. 13 Diplococcus

14. 14 Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat

15. 15 Staphylococcus causes Skin infections Pneumonia Food poisoning Toxic shock syndrome Blood poisoning (bacteremia)

16. 16 Bacillus ~ Lactobacillus acidophilus is generally considered to be beneficial because it produces vitamin K, lactase, and anti- microbial substances ~ E. coli (+O157:H7) ~ Anthrax

17. 17 Streptobacilli

18. 18 Spirillum

19. 19 Spirochetes

20. 20 Leptospira Outbreaks of leptospirosis are usually caused by exposure to water contaminated with the urine of infected animals.

21. 21

22. 22 Classification of Life

23. 23 Three Domains of Life Archaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitatsArchaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitats Bacteria - Cyanobacteria and eubacteria Bacteria - Cyanobacteria and eubacteria Eukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals Eukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals

24. 24 TWO Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria (larger) - G rouped according to cell shape and structure, the way they obtain food, the type of food they eat, the wastes they produce, the method they use to move, and whether or not they use oxygen Archaebacteria -F ound in extreme locations and are divided into groups based on where they live or how they get their energy

25. 25EUBACTERIA Cyanobacteria – produce their own food and are commonly called blue-green bacteria -May be yellow, black, or -May be yellow, black, or red in color red in color -Provide food and oxygen -Provide food and oxygen for aquatic life; for aquatic life; however, an over- however, an over- abundance produces a abundance produces a bloom – HARMFUL!! bloom – HARMFUL!! Consumer eubacteria are grouped by cell wall thickness or thinness and how they STAIN!

26. 26 Cyanobacteria

27. 27 Gram-Staining Developed in 1884 by Hans GramDeveloped in 1884 by Hans Gram Bacteria treated with purple Crystal Violet & red Safranin stainsBacteria treated with purple Crystal Violet & red Safranin stains Cell walls either stain purple or reddish pinkCell walls either stain purple or reddish pink

28. 28 Gram Positive Have thick layer of peptidoglycan (protein-sugar complex)Have thick layer of peptidoglycan (protein-sugar complex) Single lipid layerSingle lipid layer Stain purpleStain purple Can be treated with antibioticsCan be treated with antibiotics

29. 29 Gram Positive Bacteria Lactobacilli (makes yogurt & buttermilk) Lactobacilli (makes yogurt & buttermilk) Actinomycetes (make antibiotics, e.g., streptomycin and tetracycline) Actinomycetes (make antibiotics, e.g., streptomycin and tetracycline) Clostridium (lockjaw bacteria) Clostridium (lockjaw bacteria) Streptococcus (strep throat) Streptococcus (strep throat) Staphylococcus (staph infections) Staphylococcus (staph infections)

30. 30 Gram Negative Bacteria Thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wallThin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall Extra thick layer of lipidsExtra thick layer of lipids Stain pink or reddishStain pink or reddish Hard to treat with antibioticsHard to treat with antibiotics Some photosynthetic but make sulfur not oxygenSome photosynthetic but make sulfur not oxygen Some fix nitrogen for plantsSome fix nitrogen for plants

31. 31 Gram Negative Rhizobacteria grow in root nodules of legumes (soybeans, peanuts)Rhizobacteria grow in root nodules of legumes (soybeans, peanuts) Fix N 2 from air into usable ammoniaFix N 2 from air into usable ammonia

32. 32 Gram Negative Rickettsiae are parasitic bacteria carried by ticksRickettsiae are parasitic bacteria carried by ticks Cause Lyme disease & Rocky Mountain Spotted FeverCause Lyme disease & Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Chlamydia trachomatis causes nongonococcal urethritis, or chlamydia, an STIChlamydia trachomatis causes nongonococcal urethritis, or chlamydia, an STI

33. 33 Eubacteria

34. 34 ARCHAEBACTERIA Found in harsh environments Undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water Undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water

35. 35 Archaebacteria Lack peptidoglycan in cell wallsLack peptidoglycan in cell walls Have different lipids in their cell membraneHave different lipids in their cell membrane Different types of ribosomesDifferent types of ribosomes Very different gene sequencesVery different gene sequences

36. 36 Archaebacteria Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environmentsArchaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environmentsThey do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments Called the Ancient bacteriaCalled the Ancient bacteria

37. 37 Archaebacteria Subdivided into 3 groups:Subdivided into 3 groups: Methanogens Methanogens Thermoacidophiles Thermoacidophiles Extreme Halophiles Extreme Halophiles

38. 38 Methanogens Live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen)Live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen) Get energy by changing H 2 & CO 2 into methane gasGet energy by changing H 2 & CO 2 into methane gas Found in swamps, sewage treatment plants, digestive tracts of animalsFound in swamps, sewage treatment plants, digestive tracts of animals

39. 39 Extreme Halophiles Live in very salty waterLive in very salty water Use salt to generate ATP (energy)Use salt to generate ATP (energy) Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitantsDead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants

40. 40 Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles Live in extremely hot environmentsLive in extremely hot environments Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acidFound in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid

41. 41 Archaebacteria

42. 42 Useful Bacteria Most bacteria are HELPFUL, rather than harmfulMost bacteria are HELPFUL, rather than harmful Bacteria are necessary for human health…many aid digestion and some produce vitamins, e.g., vitamin K (necessary for blood clot formation)Bacteria are necessary for human health…many aid digestion and some produce vitamins, e.g., vitamin K (necessary for blood clot formation) Some bacteria produce antibiotics, which are used to treat diseasesSome bacteria produce antibiotics, which are used to treat diseases

43. 43 Useful Bacteria Bacteria help keep nature in balanceBacteria help keep nature in balance –Saprophytes – use dead organisms as food and energy sources, thus recycling nutrients for other organisms –Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil and plant roots change nitrogen from the air to a form plants and animals can use

44. 44 Useful Bacteria Some bacteria can degrade oil and are used to clean up oil spills – BIOREMEDIATIONSome bacteria can degrade oil and are used to clean up oil spills – BIOREMEDIATION Some bacteria break waste down into harmless compounds and some eat pollutants!Some bacteria break waste down into harmless compounds and some eat pollutants!

45. 45 Useful Bacteria Other uses for bacteria include making foods, like dairy products, e.g., yogurt, cheese, and buttermilk, as well as sauerkraut, and picklesOther uses for bacteria include making foods, like dairy products, e.g., yogurt, cheese, and buttermilk, as well as sauerkraut, and pickles

46. 46 Useful Bacteria Bacteria are used in industry ~ grown in bioreactors to make medicinesBacteria are used in industry ~ grown in bioreactors to make medicines Methane-producing bacteria can digest wastes and provide a source of fuelMethane-producing bacteria can digest wastes and provide a source of fuel

47. 47 Pathogenic Bacteria Bacteria that cause disease are called bacterial pathogensBacteria that cause disease are called bacterial pathogens –Toxins, or poisons are made by some –Some form endospores when environmental conditions are not favorable –Pasteurization kills most harmful bacteria in food

48. 48 Pathogenic Bacteria –Vaccines can prevent SOME bacterial infections Vaccines are made from damaged or DEAD bacterial cellsVaccines are made from damaged or DEAD bacterial cells Once injected, they enable white blood cells in the body to recognize a particular type of bacteria and attack it if it appears at a later timeOnce injected, they enable white blood cells in the body to recognize a particular type of bacteria and attack it if it appears at a later time