1. Jon Witt Alana Hermiston 2 nd Canadian Edition SOC 1 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. 2 DEVIANCE6

3. Learning Objectives 1. Learn how deviance is socially constructed. 2. Gain an understanding of formal and informal methods of social control. 3. Consider the effects of stigma. 4. Compare and contrast various sociological perspectives on deviance and crime. 5. Explore the relationship of race, class, and gender to differential justice. 3 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

4. Deviance  behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society –On the basis of sociological definition, we are all deviant from time to time. 4 LO-1 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. Deviance Deviant Behaviour  Depends on the context  Individuals and groups with the greatest status and power define what is deviant Stigma: a label used to devalue members of certain social groups  People may be stigmatized for past behaviours 5 LO-3 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

6. Deviance Individuals or groups with the greatest status and power define what is acceptable and what is deviant. Deviant Behaviours  Anorexia or Bulimia  Alcoholism  Drug use  Gambling  Sex  Violence 6 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. LO-1

7. Social Control Social control  the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behaviour in any society Sanction  a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm 7 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

8. Social Control Conformity  the act of going along with peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behaviour Obedience  compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure 8 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

9. Social Control Informal social control  Social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule. Formal social control  Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers. 9 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

10. Binge Drinking on Campus 10 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

11. Crime Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws. Law  governmental social control  Social process in response to perceived needs for formal social control 11 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

12. Crime Control theory  our connection to other members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms 12 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. LO-2

13. Formal Procedure: How a Bill Becomes Law 13 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. LO-2

14. Crime  a violation of law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties INDEX CRIMES –Murder –Forcible rape –Robbery –Aggravated assault –Murder –Forcible rape –Robbery –Aggravated assault –Burglary –Larceny-theft –Motor vehicle theft –Arson –Burglary –Larceny-theft –Motor vehicle theft –Arson 14 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

15. 15 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. Crime LO-2

16. Crime Trends in Crime  significant decline in violent crime nationwide Limitations of Crime Statistics  statistics include only crimes reported to law enforcement agencies Victimization survey  a questionnaire or interview given to sample of population to determine whether people have been victims of crime 16 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

17. Crime White-collar crime  illegal acts committed by affluent, “respectable” people in the course of business activities Offences by Businesses and Corporations  Includes Corporate crime: any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government  Computer crime: use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud 17 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

18. Crime Victimless crime  A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services Supporters of decriminalization  are troubled by attempts to legislate moral code for adults Critics  object to notion that these crimes are “victimless” 18 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

19. Crime Organized crime  the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs and contraband goods Transnational organized crime  Crime that occurs across multiple national borders 19 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

20. Crime International Crime  no longer restricted by borders Transnational crime  crime that occurs across multiple national borders Organized criminal networks  are increasingly global 20 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

21. Crime International Crime Rates  Violent crimes much more common in the U.S. in the 1980s and 1990s than in Western Europe  Incidence of certain other types of crime are higher elsewhere  Crime has skyrocketed in Russia since the overthrow of Communist Party rule 21 LO-2 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

22. 22 LO-4 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. Crime

23. Social Order, Deviance, and Crime Durkheim’s Theory of Deviance – argued that there is nothing inherently deviant or criminal in any act; the key is how society responds to the act – concluded that deviance and crime serve important functions in society Anomie – term for the loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behaviour has become ineffective 23 LO-4 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

24. Social Order, Deviance, and Crime Merton’s Theory of Deviance  Anomie theory of deviance: five basic forms of adaptation to cultural expectations  Conformist  Innovator  Ritualist  Retreatist  Rebel 24 LO-4 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

25. Interpersonal Interaction and Local Context Cultural transmission  argues that criminal behaviour is learned through social interactions Differential association  theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favourable to criminal acts 25 LO-4 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

26. Interpersonal Interaction and Local Context Social disorganization theory  attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions such as the family Labelling theory  attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behaviour are not –Also known as the societal-reaction approach 26 LO-4 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

27. Power and Inequality Criminal justice system  serves the interests of the powerful  protects their own interests  defines deviance to suit their own needs Race and Class  suspects are treated differently based on their race, ethnicity, and social class Differential justice  differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups 27 LO-5 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

28. Power and Inequality Gender  existing approaches to deviance developed with only men in mind  when is comes to crime and deviance in general, society tends to treat women in stereotypical fashion  as women take on more active and powerful roles both in the household and in business, gender differences in deviance and crime have narrowed 28 LO-5 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

29. Theoretical Perspective on Deviance 29 © 2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.