1. How does Singapore manage conflict and ensure national security?

2. Countries can adopt various strategies to strengthen themselves and maintain peace Strategies: Deterrence Diplomacy

3. Deterrence supported by Diplomacy Measures taken to prevent & protect themselves from threats Management or the conducting of relations with different countries

4. In this lesson, you will learn about: How Singapore manage conflict and ensure national security by using deterrence What is deterrence Forms of deterrence

5.  Refers to the measures taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats  Threats can come from other countries or even non-state aggressors like terrorists  Some measures to deter aggressors: › Maintaining military installations › Carrying out military exercises › Installing CCTV camera at train stations › Sharing information among countries

6. WHY IS DETERRENCE IMPORTANT? To be militarily self-reliant To give people a sense of security & attract foreign investors

7. SINGAPORE AND ITS USE OF DETERRENCE 1. A Citizen Armed Forces Why does Singapore use citizen armed forces instead of a professional army? In 1965 Singapore had a population of less than 2 million and manpower was needed in factories and industries Insufficient funds to support a professional army Therefore, National service was introduced in 1967

8. How did Singapore develop its citizen armed forces? Introduced NS in 1967  All 18 year old able-bodied male citizens were called for part-time or full-time NS  After completing NS, the men undergo reservist training

9. Role of National Service (NS) in nation-building › Bonds young men of different background with a common experience › Promotes social integration and social harmony › Builds up loyalty in men

10.  SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES (Army, Airforce, Navy) › A fighting fit army in reserve, ready to defend › Therefore, increase in military might of Singapore

11. 2. 3RD GENERATION SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES › A project started by SAF with research institutes of the Ministry of Defence and local universities › Maximising of defensive capabilities through modern technology › Aims to create a intelligent defence force where the Army, Airforce and Navy operate together to provide early information which would destroy the enemy before they reach us

12. 3. Singapore’s Defence Industry Consists of: The Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) The Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) Responsibilities of defence industry: Builds up the fighting capabilities of the SAF by: Buying, upgrading and developing weapons Produces ammunition Conducts R & D with other countries and local tertiary institutions

13. Reasons Singapore produces its own weapons: Shortage of equipment and weapons in the early years Unsuitability of imported weapons and military equipment for Singapore’s needs Cheaper to produce weapons than to buy them Reluctance of countries to share their defence technology Advantages of producing own weapons: saves cost military is well equipped

14. Introduced in 1984 to involve everyone in the defence of the country Deter potential aggressors by showing that all Singaporeans are prepared for defence in all areas 4. Total Defence

15. Total Defence Civil Defence -Know what to do during emergencies Economic defence -Building a strong economy that will not break down during times of war Social defence -Singaporeans of all races and religions together Psychological defence -Being loyal to Singapore and having the mental strength to overcome difficulties Military Defence -Deter aggression

16. 5. Multi-agency co-ordination on security National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS) set up to coordinate the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to: Plan national security and policies Combat terror threats

17. 6. Military Co-operation with other countries (a) Bilateral defence agreements and exercises Singapore has military agreements with various countries to allow Singapore troops in train in their countries – France, Australia, New Zealand, India, Taiwan, Brunei Singapore conducts military training with neighbouring countries – Indonesia, Malaysia Exercises increase co-operation and strengthen ties among participating countries

18. (b) Multi-lateral defence agreements and exercises  Singapore – a member of the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) formed in 1971 to preserve peace in the region  The four other members are Australia, Britain, New Zealand and Malaysia  In the event of an external threat to Singapore or Malaysia, the members are to consult one another on the appropriate measures to be taken

19. Conclusion  A citizen armed force  3 rd generation Singapore Armed Forces  Singapore’s defence industry  Total Defence  Multi-agency coordination on security  Military co-operation with other countries - Bilateral military agreements & exercises - Multi-lateral military agreements & exercises

20.  A citizen armed force  3 rd generation Singapore Armed Forces  Singapore’s defence industry  Total Defence  Multi-agency coordination on security  Military co-operation with other countries - Bilateral military agreements and exercises - Multi-lateral military agreements and exercises