1. Photovoltaics

3. PV Applications

4. Multicrystalline silicon casting, wafers, and PV cells ( Photovoltaics

5. PV cells Photovoltaics

6. Cross-sectional view of a PV cell, showing the photo-receptive surface and the p/n junction Photovoltaics

7. An n-type material has an increased number of electrons the p-type material has vacancies as a result of missing electrons (p = positive). The p-n junction is the critical component of a functioning solar cell. Photovoltaics The Photovoltaic Principle - Cells

8. The majority of the light is absorbed in the “p-silicon” layer some electrons push through the p-n junction into the n-silicon layer. The freed electrons flow through the wire grid Photovoltaics The Photovoltaic Principle

9. One single-crystal silicon solar cell with a surface area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in2) generates a current of 3 A at a voltage of 0.5 V when exposed to full sunshine. Photovoltaics The Photovoltaic Principle

10. Photovoltaics Efficiencies

11. Photovoltaics PV Modules

12. Flexible photovoltaic modules made of amorphous silicon (a-Si) on stain - less steel Photovoltaics

14. The light-generated current flows out of the cell surface and through a metal grid called the front contact. The cell’s bottom layer is called the back contact and forms a bridge to an external circuit. Photovoltaics The Photovoltaic Principle - Modules

15. I-V curve and characteristic parameters for a typical module Photovoltaics

16. Open circuit voltage (VOC): no current. Pn under STC: peak power (Vn and In). Short circuit current (ISC) Photovoltaics The Photovoltaic Principle - Modules

17. An example of a typical PV module data sheet Photovoltaics Solar cells 100 mm x 100 mm, 36 in series

18. Voltage is derated by 0.0022 V/K above STC In bright sunlight module is 35°F-70°F above the ambient temperature. Photovoltaics The Photovoltaic Principle - Modules

19. Photovoltaics PV System Arrangement

20. Photovoltaics

21. Advantages of PV

22. Photovoltaics Industry Claim

23. Photovoltaics *)Assuming volume installations. Individual rooftop systems can be up to twice this price

24. Photovoltaics More Cautious AEE Assessment

25. Photovoltaics

28. Holographic PV Planer Concentrator - HPPC

29. Photovoltaics Holographic PV Planer Concentrator - HPPC

30. Solar Thermal

31. Conventional Flat Plate Collector

32. Solar Thermal Passive Thermo-siphon Collector

33. Solar Thermal Evacuated Tube Collector

34. Solar Thermal Solar Hot Water System

35. Solar Thermal