1. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.1 100% Renewable Energies for Germany E. Waffenschmidt Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. (Solar Energy Promoting Society of Germany) Aachen, 19. August 2007

2. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.2 Sustainable use of energy The largest challenge of our generation Conversion to 100% Renewable Energies is the only solution

3. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.3 Is „100% Renewables“ possible? Studies, e.g.: Enquete-Commission of the Deutsche Bundestag (German parliament) 2002 LTI-Research Team, 1998 V. Quaschning, 2000 (100% Electricity) Our example for Germany Yes!

4. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.4 How does „100% Renewables“ look like? In Germany ? With existing technology ?

5. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.5 Overview Today‘s consumption Energy savings Renewable Energies Today‘s consumption Energy savings Renewable Energies

6. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.6 Explanation of terms From: „Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e.V., „Energiebilanz der Bundesrepublik 2002“, http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten/inhalt1.php# For electricity, heat, fuel Primary energy Delivered energy Losses Non- energetic 4000 TWh 2400 TWh 60% 29% 11% Per head: 31000 kWh 1 TWh = 1 Billion kWh

7. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.7 „Consumption“ of Energy 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Today’s demand Elektrical applications Light Machines Information Traffic Cars Trucks Railway Airplanes Ships Process heat Temperatures > 200°C Mainly in industry Example: Glas manufacturing, metal melting, baking Heat House heating Warm water Low temperature processes, e.g. drying El.Applications Savings Traffic Process-Heat Heat

8. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.8 Overview Today‘s consumption Energy savings  Electricity  Efficient traffic  House isolation Renewable Energies

9. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.9 Energy savings -50% Treibstoff by 3-Liter/100km cars and 2/3 far distance goods traffic by train -10% Electricity By efficient lighting and abandonment of Stand-By -66% House heating By state of the art isolation of existing houses

10. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.10 Energy savings Imagine: Light and Stand-By 3 l/100km cars and 2/3 far distance good traffic by train All houses heat isolated Save 45% of the energy consumption 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Today’s demand Future demand Light + Stand By TrafficHouse isolation

11. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.11 Overview Today‘s consumption Energy savings Renewable Energies  Solar energy  Wind power  Hydro power  Geothermal energy  Bio mass

12. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.12 Solar energy Critical parameters:  Power of the sunlight  Area With photovoltaic per m² and year: approx. 100 kWh electrical energy

13. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.13 Area demand for solar energy 0100002000030000400005000060000 Area / km² Buildings+related area Traffic Settled area 42000km² Total energy Demand: 25700km² Electr. energy Demand: 5000km² Solar roof area and facades 2100km²

14. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.14 Solar energy Imagine: Solar systems on every suitable roof and facade Generate nearly halve of today’s electricity demand 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Future demand Future generation El. energyThermal Savings

15. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.15 Wind power Today 20000 wind turbines in Germany 1MW average peak power per turbine 20% average usage (also in inland areas) 33 TWh per year

16. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.16 Wind power Today Offshore 110 TWh Sum 270 TWh 7 / 100km² x 1 MW: 33 TWh Tomorrow 7 / 100km² x 3 MW 100 TWh 7 / 100km² x 3 MW 60 TWh 20000 wind turbines in Germany 1MW average peak power 30000 wind turbines + offshore 3MW average peak power

17. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.17 Wind power Imagine: Re-powering Extension in Southern Germany Offshore wind parks Cover more than halve of today’s electricity demand 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Future demand Future generation Savings

18. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.18 Hydro power Imagine: Old hydro power plants are re-activated This adds halve of today’s hydro power generation Then hydro power has a fraction of 7% of the total electricity generation 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Future demand Future generation Savings

19. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.19 Geothermal energy Up to 7000 m More than 100°C District heating grids Electricity generation Limited: ~7000 Jahre Deep downNear surface Less than 100 m Approx. 12°C Heat pumps, decentral Electricity demand Unlimited

20. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.20 Geothermal Energy Imagine: District heating with deep geothermal energy Decentralised heat with heat pumps Satisfy the major demand for heating 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Future demand Future generation Savings

21. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.21 Bio mass Forrest wood  Fire wood  Waste wood Waste material  Garbage (but: Recycling is preferred!)  Excrements (e.g. liquid manure, sludge)  Bio waste (e.g. straw, garden waste) Agricultures  20% of the agricultural area

22. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.22 Bio mass as fuel Rape oil Approx. 1700l fuel per hectare and year (  1.7 kWh/m²) Only approx. 10% of the fuel demand on 20% of the agricultural area High energy effort for production Sustainable land cultivation difficult BTL Approx. 2000-4000l fuel per hectare and year (  2…4 kWh/m²) Medium energy efficiency (10…40%), no combined-heat-and-power Centralized large scale plants -> high transport effort No sustainable land cultivation Biogas Approx. 5500l fuel equivalent per hectare and year (  5.5 kWh/m²) Acceptable energy efficiency (50%), combined-heat-and-power possible Decentralized plants -> low transport effort Sustainable land cultivation imaginable

23. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.23 Biomasse Imagine: Forrest wood Waste material Agricultural products Must be converted Cover the future energy demand of the traffic

24. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.24 Usage Conclusion: More than 100% available as sum How to use the energies? 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Future demand Future generation El. applications Traffic Process heat Heat Savings Solar electric Solar thermal Wind power Hydro power Geothermal Bio mass Losses

25. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.25 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Demand Energy sources Electr. applications Traffic Savings Energy supply Solar electric Solar thermal Wind power Hydro power Geothermal Bio mass Usage El. applications Traffic Process heat Heat Electricity Fuel Waste heat Process heat Heat

26. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.26 100% Renewable Energies 100% Renewable Energies are possible! Infos at: www.sfv.de or www.waffenschmidt.homepage.t-online.de 05001000150020002500 Energy / TWh Future demand Future generation El. applications Traffic Process heat Heat Savings Solar electric Solar thermal Wind power Hydro power Geothermal Bio mass Losses

27. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.27 Appendix

28. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.28 What has to be done? Possibilities of single persons are limited Relying on comprehension is naive General conditions must change:  Laws, directives  Cost distribution Guide and requirements by organisations  Associations  Trusts Since I switch off the engine at the traffic light, it consumes only 13.5 Litres per 100 km Climate saving is so easy!

29. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.29 Why Renewable Energies? Limit the climate change Save limited resources Reduce import dependence Avoid conflict potential Cheaper in the long run Un-dangerous and non-toxic  The more, the better

30. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.30 How long will it take? Consideration Wind and Sun Assumption Extension of growth rates of last 10 years Limitation: -Roof areas -Wind turbine density -Production slightly higher than necessary for replacement Conclusions 50% electricity in 10 years 100% in 20 years Still 10 years growth of solar production

31. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.31 How long will it take? Consideration Wind and Sun Assumption Extension of growth rates of last 10 years Limitation: -Roof areas -Wind turbine density -Production slightly higher than necessary for replacement Conclusions 50% electricity in 10 years 100% in 20 years Still 10 years growth of solar production

32. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.32 Energy storage Relevant for electricity European grid reduces storage size Demand shift in time Needed storage (without grid and shift)*:  3% of the yearly generated energy as storage size  16% of installed power as momentary storage power  18 % of the yearly generated energy is intermediately stored * Acc. to: Volker Quaschning, „Systemtechnik einer klimaverträglichen Elektrizitätsversorgung [...]“, VDI Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-18-343706-6, http://www.quaschning.de/volker/publis/klima2000/index.html

33. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.33 Energy storage Imagine: The European electricity grid is extended Additional large storage power plant emerge Private investors invest in decentralized storages

34. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.34 Energy flows In TWh 321 271 33 705400 279 271 33 25 306 316 608 -61 181 120 10 0 294 299 162 8.4 34 19 20 43 150 214 250 193 0 93 5 0 15 -294 -338 -210 -537 680 39

35. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.35 Energy consumption in Germany Primary energy consumption in 2002 in Germany: 4000 TWh Households, elektric 3,4% Manufact. etc., elektric 3,5% Traffic 18,1% Industry, elektric 5,2% Households 15,3% Manufacturing etc. 7,2% Industry 10,9% Losses for electricity 24,7% Traffic, elektric 0,4% Further losses and non-energetic 11,3% Electricity 37% From: „Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e.V., „Energiebilanz der Bundesrepublik 2002“, http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten/inhalt1.php#

36. Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V. p.36 Ways to 100% Renewables Renewable Energies Sufficiency Efficiency 0 This presentation Now ? ? 100% Savings by