1. Shared, child-specific and reciprocal influences in the development of psychopathology Jenny Jenkins, Judy Dunn, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor, Anna Simpson, Patricia Behnke Child Development, 2005 Journal of Family Psychology, 2005

2. Conundrum for environmental researchers Behavioral genetic studies find that siblings are very different from one another once genetic effects have been controlled

3. Effective vs Observed environment BG studies tend to focus on the EFFECTIVE environment (Turkheimer and Waldron, 2001). My focus is the OBSERVED environment. Measurements of the environment: family- wide and child-specific

4. Outcome Variable Between Family Comparisons Family A Family B 12 Family Level Child Level Majority of environmental studies of family influences family and child-specific processes are confounded

5. Environmental studies using sibling design: unconfounds family and child Family A Family B Family Level Child Level Between family comparisons Within family comparisons 1 2 3

6. Themes Do family-wide or child-specific aspects of the environment predict change in child behavior? How similar are childrens experiences in families? Shared family factors that increase or decrease similarity of experience? What are childrens own contributions to the stressful environments that they experience?

7. Mutual influence of marital conflict and childrens behavior problems: shared and non-shared family risks Jenny Jenkins, Judy Dunn, Jon Rasbash, Tom OConnor and Anna Simpson Child Development, 24-39, 2005

8. Marital conflict as a shared risk for children

9. Features of previous studies Mainly correlational at single time point Advantage of longitudinal for causal argument A few that have predicted change in child behavior Elements of marital conflict: about kids and not about kids

10. Marital conflict Childrens problems

11. Indications of child effect Couples w/o kidsMarital satisfaction Birth of baby associated with declines in MS Poor child temperament or health MS

12. Methods ALSPAC: 14,000 birth cohort from Avon, UK Avon Brothers and Sisters Study: intensive investigations of non-step, single parent and stepfamilies with two or more children in family Time 1. Mean age of youngest 4.8 years. Older sibs between 6-17 years. Follow-up 2 years later Examined change in response variable

13. Sample 45 biological families (101 children), 44 stepfather (109 children) and 38 complex (86 children) 3 participating children=44 families 2 participating children=81 families 1 participating child=2

14. Measures Child externalizing based on teacher report: TRF Argument about children: Mo report: How often couple disagrees about different aspects of child behavior. Exposure to conflict: Mo report: how often child in room when parents argue. General partner conflict: Mo report: money, in-laws, sex

15. Measures at the family and child-specific levels 3 Family A B Family average Argument about children Childs deviation from the family mean 1 2 2

16. Does marital conflict affect change in child behavior?

17. Does marital conflict affect change in child behavior? Not child-specific measure

18. Does child behavior affect change in marital conflict?

19. Child externalizing predicts change in argument more strongly in stepfamilies

20. Marital conflict increases externalizing child behavior Childrens externalizing behavior increases Conflict between parents: esp in steps Conclusion

21. Question 2 Is the effect of marital conflict on siblings shared or non-shared? Family level variable (family average on argument about children) explains variance in response rather than child-specific variable

23. BUT Siblings show greater dissimilarity at higher levels of argument about children

24. Environmental risk may serve to spread children out. Role of individual differences? Environmental stress Readiness to anger Language vulnerability Behavioral inhibition Ext Int Low achievement

25. Question 3 How differential are siblings experiences of marital conflict? What explains such differential experience?

26. Shared family environments? Exposure to parental conflict Family Blue Family YellowFamily Pink Families differ from one another on how much parental conflict children experience

27. Shared family environments? Children within families differ from one another on how much parental conflict they experience Exposure to parental conflict Family BlueFamily Yellow Family Pink

28. Sibling similarity on conflict experience

29. Change in differential argument about siblings

30. Differential sibling exposure to conflict as a function of family status

31. Summary of findings Relationship between marital conflict and child behavior is reciprocal At high levels of marital conflict siblings show increasing dissimilarity Siblings experiences in families are differential. Such differential experience is partly a function of shared environmental factors

32. Sibling negativity: Dyad-specific and shared family effects Same themes Sibling dyad negativity vs child adjustment Whether change in sibling relationships is explained by shared family factors; whether shared family factors increase dyad dissimilarity; what explains dyad dissimilarity

33. Methods ABSS sample as previously described Maternal interview of sibling negativity in the dyad using Colorado Maternal Interview on sibling relationships. Maternal negativity towards child based on 4 scales. Average for dyad; average for family and differential between siblings in dyad calculated.

34. Does family average or dyad specific maternal negativity explain change in sibling negativity?

35. Change in sibling dyad negativity as a function of single parent family Within family variance

36. Maternal differential treatment explains 13% of within family variance on sibling negativity – but only in single parent families Within family variance

37. Limitations of the sibling and marital conflict studies Measurement problems. Although in some of the studies the IV and DV are based on different informants, the family clustering information is based on single informant. Degree of family clustering that we see may be related to same person reporting on measures for different siblings

38. Conclusions Shared family stresses predict more variance in outcomes than child or dyad specific. Measurement problem or AMBIENT effect? Childrens experiences in families are both similar and different. Shared family risks are associated with more differential experience: step families, single parent homes. Stresses increase individual differences? Childrens own contributions to the stressful environments that they experience?