1. 1 Raufoss Multipurpose Ammunition Technology Program, RMATS Dave Holt, Systems Engineer NAVAIR Medium Caliber Ammunition NSWC Crane, 812 854-2807 April 14, 2004 NDIA Gun & Ammunition Conference

2. 2 Topics Organization Chart Scope of Work Funding Computer Modeling Models compared to Actual Conclusions

3. 3 Steering Committee Eva Friis FFI (NDRE) ----------------------- John Moxnes (Project manager FFI) Gunnar Nevstad S. Eriksen Nammo Raufoss AS (NARA) ------------------------- Eva K. Friis (Project manager NARA) Quoc Bao Diep Monica Strømgård Bjarne Haugstad (FFI) Gard Ødegårdstuen (NARA) Dave Holt (US Navy) China Lake (NAWC) ------------------------- Alice Atwood (Project manager China Lake) Allen Lindfors Pat Curran Tri Bui Ross Heimdahl Crane (NSWC) ------------------------- Bruce Richards (In service Engineering) Greg Deckard (Acquisition Support) Nancey Maegerlein (Energetics & Materials) Project Coordinator Organizational Chart

4. 4 Scope of Work Phase I (1994 – 1999) Provide and expand knowledge of MultiPurpose ammunition Develop and validate numerical models for prediction of the events taking place when the ammunition is subjected to different stimuli Phase II (1999 – current) Continue and refine the fundamental work done in Phase I Product improvement with respect to safety, function, and manufacturing Serve as an aid in resolving anomalous behavior of MP ammunition

5. 5 RMATS Funding Funding for RMATS divided evenly between Norwegian MOD FFI (Norwegian Defense Research Establishment) Nammo Raufoss A/S (Manufacturing) US Navy (PMA-242)

6. 6 Ignition & Burning MP-Ammunition Technology Program Impact & Penetration Effect within target RMATS has validated models for manufacturing, ballistics, trajectory, and target function of the MP ammunition.

7. 7 Computer Modeling Prerequisites Numerical code –DYNA –Nike 2D Material models –metals Material data –steel Physical models –ignition model Initial conditions –Velocity –Temperature –Pressure Why? Effective tool to design ammunition Reliable method used to predict an event Efficient way to study an event Research Procedure 1.Physical Experiments 2.Reduction of experimental data 3.Establish mathematical models and material data 4.Implement mathematical models into numerical code 5.Model experiments 6.Validate model by comparing physical experiments to computations

8. 8 Experiments to describe MP Function Manufacture Launch Flight Target Impact Fragmentation and Burn. Mechanical Properties Mechanical Thermal Properties Shock Mechanical Thermal Combustion Properties Combustion Fragmentation Mechanical Thermal Properties

9. 9 Formulation of Models Validated mathematical/physical models and material data are of vital importance to obtain reliable results Advanced laboratory experiments were required to establish and test models and material data The laboratories at China Lake, FFI and Nammo Raufoss have successfully performed experiments which were needed

10. 10 Experiments The laboratories at China Lake played a major role in testing of the energetic materials used in the MP ammunition Tests performed: Piston driven compaction (PDC) Flyer plate experiments Thermal ignition DSC and TGA Hot-stage microscopy Closed bomb tests Quasi-Static Compaction (Press loading apparatus) Expanding ring test

11. 11 Numerical Simulations Material models metal parts incendiary & HE target Interactions Material geometry Loading forces & initial velocities Numerical parameters OUTPUT press-filling operation launching effects flight effects initial condition (prior to impact) impact & penetration (course of events) ignition stimuli burning fragmentation Numerical code

12. 12 Comparing the Simulation with the Experiment 30 mm MP

13. 13 Comparing the Simulation with the Experiment 20 mm MP

14. 14 Results of modeling 20mm M61 barrels Barrel damage as a result of the experiment of a dynamic function of the PGU 28/B round in the thin region of the barrel. Simulations where the PGU 28/B is set off while the round is moving (dynamic situation). Simulation: Experiment:

15. 15 Conclusions RMATS has established a suite of validated models to evaluate all phases of the ammunition life cycle Collaboration between all parties involved with RMATS has provided benefits in many areas Manufacturing Ballistics Target Function Engineering Investigation The RMATS team encourages participation from all DoD related organizations