1. 1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

2. Topics in IT Automated digital homesAutomated digital homes Cell phone historyCell phone history Online protection for childrenOnline protection for children CybersquattingCybersquatting RFID tagsRFID tags ENIAC computerENIAC computer SupercomputersSupercomputers Web-based OSWeb-based OS Biomedical implant chipsBiomedical implant chips NanotechnologyNanotechnology Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2

3. 3 Technology in Action Chapter 11 Behind the Scenes: Databases and Information Systems Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

4. Engage your brain Do frequent buyer programs result in a loss of Privacy? No You save $You save $ Companies are purchasing this info. and customer loyaltyCompanies are purchasing this info. and customer loyalty Privacy clausesPrivacy clauses Companies must abide by lawsCompanies must abide by laws Yes Once you give this info – it is no longer yours That is my business Increased junk mail and calls No guarantees this is secret Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 4

5. 5 Chapter Topics Databases and their uses Database components Types of databases Database management systems Relational databases Data warehouses and data marts Information systems Data mining Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

6. 6 Databases Collections of related data Easily stored, sorted, organized, and queried Turn data into information Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

7. 7 Advantages of Using Databases Store and retrieve large quantities of information Enable information sharing Provide data centralization Promote data integrity Allow for flexible use of data Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

8. 8 Disadvantages of Databases Complex to construct Time consuming Expensive Privacy concerns Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

9. 9 Database Terminology Field: Category of information, displayed in columns Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

10. 10 Database Terminology Data type: Type of data that can be stored in a field Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

11. 11 Database Terminology Record: A group of related fields Record Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

12. 12 Database Terminology Table: A group of related records Table Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

13. 13 Database Terminology Primary key: A field value unique to a record Primary Key Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

14. 14 Database Types Relational databases – –Organize data in tables – –Link tables to each other through their primary keys Object-oriented databases – –Store data in objects – –Also store methods for processing data – –Handle unstructured data Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

15. 15 Database Management Systems (DBMS) Application software designed to capture and analyze data Four main operations of a DBMS: 1. 1.Creating databases and entering data 2. 2.Viewing and sorting data 3. 3.Extracting data 4. 4.Outputting data Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

16. 16 Creating Databases and Entering Data Create field names – –Identify each type of data – –Data dictionary Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

17. 17 Creating Databases and Entering Data (cont.) Create individual records – –Key in – –Import – –Input form Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

18. 18 Data Validation Validation – –Process of ensuring that data entered into the database is correct (or at least reasonable) and complete Validation rules – –Range checks – –Completeness checks – –Consistency checks – –Alphabetic/numeric checks Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

19. 19 Data Validation Example of a completeness check Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

20. 20 Viewing and Sorting Data Browse through records Sort records by field name Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

21. 21 Extracting or Querying Data Query – –A question or inquiry – –Provides records based on criteria – –Structured Query Language (SQL) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

22. 22 Outputting Data Reports – –Printed – –Summary data reports Export data Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

23. 23 Relational Database Operations Organize data into tables Relationships are links between tables with related data Common fields need to exist between fields Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

24. 24 Relational Database Operations Normalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancy. Foreign key: The primary key of one table is included in another to establish relationships with that other table. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

25. 25 Data Storage Data warehouse – –Large-scale repository of data – –Organizes all the data related to an organization – –Data organized by subject Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

26. 26 Source data – –Internal sources Company databases, etc. – –External sources Suppliers, vendors, etc. – –Customers or Web site visitors Clickstream data Populating Data Warehouses Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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28. 28 Data staging – –Extract data from source – –Reformat the data – –Store the data Software programs/procedures created to extract the data and reformat it for storage Data Staging Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

29. 29 Data Warehouse Process Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

30. 30 Managing Data: Information Systems Information systems – –Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze information Functions performed by information systems include – –Acquiring data – –Processing data into information – –Storing data – –Providing output options Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

31. 31 Information Systems Categories Office support systems Transaction processing systems Management information systems Decision support systems Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

32. 32 Office Support Systems (OSSs) Assist employees in day-to-day tasks Improve communications Example: Microsoft Office Include e-mail, word-processing, spreadsheet, database, and presentation programs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

33. 33 Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs) Keep track of everyday business activities Batch processing Real-time processing Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

34. 34 Management Information Systems (MISs) Provide timely and accurate information for managers in making business decisions Detail report: –Transactions that occur during a period of time Summary report: –Consolidated detailed data Exception report: –Unusual conditions Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

35. 35 Decision Support Systems (DSSs) Help managers develop solutions for specific problems Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

36. 36 Model Management Systems Software that assists in building management models in DSSs Can be built to describe any business situation Typically contain financial and statistical analysis tools Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

37. 37 Knowledge-Based Systems Expert system: Replicates human experts Natural language processing (NLP) system: Enables users to communicate with computers using a natural spoken or written language Artificial intelligence (AI): Branch of computer science that deals with attempting to create computers that think like humans Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

38. Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Integrate multiple data sources Enable smooth flow of information Allow information to be used across multiple areas of an enterprise Accumulate all information in a central location 38 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

39. 39 Data Mining Process by which great amounts of data are analyzed and investigated Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the data Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

40. 40 Data Mining Methods Classification – –Define data classes Estimation – –Assign a value to data Affinity grouping or association rules – –Determine which data goes together Clustering – –Organize data into subgroups Description and visualization – –Get a clear picture of what is happening Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

41. 41 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is a database, and why is it beneficial to use databases? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

42. 42 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What components make up a database? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

43. 43 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What types of databases are there? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

44. 44 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What do database management systems do? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

45. 45 Chapter 11 Summary Questions How do relational databases organize and manipulate data? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

46. 46 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What are data warehouses and data marts, and how are they used? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

47. 47 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is an information system, and what types of information systems are used in business? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

48. 48 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is data mining, and how does it work? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

49. Chapter 11 49 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 49