1. Eastern Zaire, 1994-1996: Refugees and the Manipulation of Humanitarian Assistance Stephen J. Stedman PS 114T May 20, 2003

2. Today’s Talk 1). The problem of refugee manipulation 2). Why such a recurrent problem? 3). The case of Eastern Zaire 4). What is to be done?

3. “It is the manipulation of refugee populations for geopolitical purposes that often presents the greatest threat to refugee security.” UNHCR June 2000

4. What is a refugee? “Owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.” The 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol.

6. The Modern Refugee Regime A Global Problem Groups Escaping from Violence Often not possible Repatriation Protecting a physical challenge Incapable or unwilling to meet obligations Founding AssumptionsRealities A European problem Individuals Escaping from political persecution Legal determination of individual status Third country resettlement viable Protecting a legal challenge Host states capable of meeting obligations

7. Rwanda and Eastern Zaire

8. “Everyone knows what must be done; but who will bell the cat?” Sharyar Khan Special Representative of the Secretary General November, 1994

9. “the best way for the United Nations to help improve security in the refugee camps is for UNHCR to address this issue under its refugee protection and humanitarian assistance programs.” Boutros Boutros- Ghali Jan. 17, 1995

10. Ethical Dilemmas 1). Needs of genuine refugees vs. strengthening warriors 2). Short-term vs. long-term suffering 3). Needs of refugees vs. non-combatants in the home and host country 4). Humanitarianism and sovereignty

11. Competing Policy Prescriptions 1). Give war a chance 2). Do no harm 3). Minimize harm 4). Let humanitarianism be humanitarianism

12. UNHCR’s Response 1). Emphasize prevention 2). Responsibility of Host State 3). When prevention fails, civilian and police monitors to assess and report 4). International police or military forces

13. Operationalizing the Response 1). Humanitarian security officers 2). Report to DPKO 3). DPKO assesses and considers appropriate responses

14. CISAC Critique 1). Hard to argue against prevention, but … What to do when warriors and host states don’t cooperate? 2). Long on fact finding, short on fact facing

15. Aid to be withheld When major powers can be shamed or When withholding aid likely to seriously limit manipulation Selective Non-Engagement

16. “Nothing empowers people quite like their own survival.”