1. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.1. Session 6.4. Assessment 2: Working with Sectoral Indicators - Sites and Shelters Corbis

2. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.2. Objectives After completing this session, participants will be able to:  Explain the essential links between refugee protection and site planning  List the sector standards and indicators critical to effective site & shelter planning  Describe some of the major factors that affect the decision as to what type of shelter should be used in a displacement emergency  Understand and use basic indicators for assessing and designing emergency site and shelter responses

3. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.3. Refugee camps seldom function well. They should be the last choice for provision of shelter. UNHCR photo

4. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.4. So Why Plan Refugee Camps?  Protection  Administrative control  Managing needs planning  Health & prevention of disease  Provision of basic services  Protection of environment Save Lives Reduce Costs Protect Refugees

5. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.5. Site Selection & Protection Situate site to protect it against threats from:  authorities of country of origin b.bandits c.the local population d.others? Standard - sites should be safe for refugees and displaced Indicator - site is located more than 50 k from the border (UNHCR & Sphere)

6. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.6. Site Selection & Protection (cont) Consider:  relationship between refugees and local community - past and present  compatibility of local community and refugees (ethnic origin, customs, religion, etc.)

7. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.7. Site Selection Concerns  Security and protection?  Access to site?  Water supply/Water table?  Size/Surface area  Topography  Soils: clay, sand, rock, gravel - erosion - drainage - floods Slope ~2% The IDEAL situation for:

8. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.8. The THREE D’s of camp planning... Drainage! Camp Hope - June 1999

9. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.9.  Land rights, tenure issues  Vegetation  Soil erosion  Disease patterns  Climate & wind Site Selection: Environmental Issues Jalozai, camp, Pakistan2001

10. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.10. Indicators of an acceptable site  site ground level at min. 3 meters above water table  good site drainage - gently sloping site @ 2%slope  2% 3 m 100m 2m

11. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.11. Shelter Options  Shared housing/local integration  Support for self-built emergency shelter  Repair kits for damaged structures  Provision of tents or other prototype structures  Mass shelter  Plastic sheeting UNHCR photo

12. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.12. UNHCR photo A WORD ABOUT PLASTIC SHEETING…..

13. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.13. Consider this situation: An emergency programme is distributing standard 5m X 4m plastic sheets to a population with an average family size of 5. What does this mean in practice? 4 m 5 m 4m x 5m = 20 m 2 20 m 2  5 people = 4.0 m 2 per p. But isn’t that greater than 3.5m 2 - the UNHCR indicator for shelter space? No. But why not?

14. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.14. 4m 2.5 m A = ± 2.9 m 2 /p 4m 5 m A = ± 3.3 m 2 /p 4m 5 m A = ± 3.0 m 2 /p It all depends on context, climate, tradition, and how you use it! The indicator is for shelter space, not sq. m. of plastic sheeting.

15. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.15. Family 1 Community 1 Block 1 Sector Camp Module = 16 families = 16 units = 4 blocks = 4 sectors 4-6 persons ~ 80 persons ~ 1250 persons ~ 5000 persons ~ 20000 persons Putting it all together… Sites and Shelters - Master Planning (one approach) the “Building block” approach    

16. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.16. TENT Example - One Tent - Size = 12 M 2 Shelter Space per Person = 3.5 M 2 4 M+ 3.5 M + Storage Cooking/Heating Storage

17. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.17. The Basic Planning Unit 1 Community (or “Unit”) = 16 families 30 m 2 m

18. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.18. The “Block” The “Block” = 16 Communities (Units) fire break: for emergency vehicles only! 75 m + 12 m 175 m +

19. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.19. The Sector 15m 175 m+/- 1 Sector = 4 blocks = 64 Units) F

20. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.20. The Camp = 4 Sectors sector 1sector 2 sector 3 sector 4 F F F F A

21. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.21. Implementation and Logical Sequence  Put essential services in place  Build and occupy site unit after unit, block by block  Use logical sequencing: 1.program 2.design 3.production 4.occupancy FAO photo

22. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.22. Standards and Indicators 3.5 sq m/person floor space 30 sq. m./person site area (45 sq. m./person if land is allocated for agricultural purposes ) People should have enough sheltered space to sleep, and live without undue health and social effects

23. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.23. OVERVIEW OF INDICATORS See UNHCR Handbook page 373! LAND - 30-45 sq. m. / person SHELTER - 3.5 sq. m. / person FIRE BREAKS 50m wide per 300m of developed site 1-1.5 m. between guy-ropes of tents LATRINES 1/20 people, or better, 1 per family DISTANCE TO LATRINES - 6 to 50 meters away TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200 people DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter maximum

24. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.24. SOME OTHER KEY INDICATORS From Sphere: LAND - 45 sq. m. / person (excl. gardens) SHELTER - 3.5 - 4.5 sq. m. / person LATRINES -1/20 people, or better, 1 per family DISTANCE TO LATRINES - no more than 50 meters away (or 1 minute walk) TAP STANDS - 1 tap /200 people DISTANCE TO TAP - 100m from shelter maximum SLOPE - site gradient not more than 7% without extensive engineering

25. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.25. Remember! Plan for...  adequate living, working, and access space for the whole site  fire risks  sheltered floor space for individuals and families  enough latrines for convenient and sanitary use  adequate access to water - distance, number of water access points

26. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.26. You can’t do it all alone  involve government, refugees, local community, NGOs, UN agencies  Investigate the help of specialists:  refugees  locals  Technical specialists  NGOs  Ministries  others? IRC photo

27. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.27. Refugee Involvement  Assess skills  Train refugees  Create Sectoral Teams watersanitationroads  Make use of refugee skills & leadership

28. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.28. STILL MORE INDICATORS From Sphere: ASSESSMENT - carried out by multi-sectoral team PARTICIPATION - both women and men are consulted and involved COMPETENCE - Staff have relevant technical competence LOCAL CAPACITY - local skills base is used and strengthened during the humanitarian response

29. UNHCR/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training6.4.29. CONCLUSIONS  Good site planning supports refugee protection  Contextual factors will affect the decision as to what type of shelter should be used in a displacement emergency - camps are not always the right answer.  An understanding of basic standards and indicators for site and shelter response are useful for all field personnel, these can be used for assessment, monitoring, and design of shelter programmes