1. Our Brains Control Our Thinking, Feeling, and Behavior

2. Learning Objectives: 1.Describe the structures and function of the “old brain,” and its influence on behavior. 2.Explain the structure of the cerebral cortex (its hemispheres and lobes) and the function of each area of the cortex. 3.Define the concepts of brain plasticity, neurogenesis, and brain lateralization.

3. Our Brains Control Our Thinking, Feeling, and Behavior The “Old Brain” – Includes the brain structures nearest the spinal cord – Regulates basic survival functions, such as breathing, moving, resting, and feeding – Contributes to experiences of emotion

4. In addition to the old brain, humans have a large and highly developed outer brain layer known as the cerebral cortex. The cortex provides humans with excellent memory, outstanding cognitive skills, and the ability to experience complex emotions.

5. The Old Brain: Wired For Survival Brainstem includes the medulla, pons, and reticular formation cerebellum coordinates voluntary movement thalamus filters sensory information from spinal cord; relays information to cortex Limbic System includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus

6. The Old Brain: Wired For Survival The Brainstem Medulla nearest the spinal cord controls heart rate and breathing Pons helps control movement; plays a major role in balance and walking Reticular Formation filters stimuli from spinal cord plays a role in eating, walking, sexual activity, and sleeping

7. The Old Brain: Wired For Survival

8. The Limbic System Amygdala regulates our perceptions of and reactions to aggression and fear Hippocampus helps store information in long-term memory Hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland helps regulate body temperature, thirst, hunger, and sexual motivation

9. The Old Brain: Wired For Survival

10. The Cerebral Cortex Creates Consciousness and Thinking cerebral cortex – the outer, bark-like layer of the human brain that allows us to use language, acquire complex skills, create tools, and live in social groups – contralateral control – the left side of the cortex responds to and controls the right side of the body, and vice versa

11. The brain is divided into two hemispheres - - left and right. Each hemisphere has four lobes -- temporal, frontal, occipital and parietal.

12. The Cerebral Cortex Creates Consciousness and Thinking Frontal Lobes thinking, planning, memory, and judgment; contain motor cortex Parietal Lobes process touch information; contain somatosensory cortex Temporal Lobes hearing and language; contain auditory cortex Occipital Lobes process visual information and contain visual cortex

13. The Cerebral Cortex Creates Consciousness and Thinking In addition to its motor and sensory areas, the cortex contains association areas. In the association areas, sensory and motor information is combined and related to our stored knowledge.

14. The Brain is Flexible: Neuroplasticity neuroplasticity – the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage neurogenesis – the forming of new neurons

15. The Left and Right Hemispheres Brain Lateralization – The left and right hemispheres are specialized to perform different functions. – The corpus callosum is a band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres. – Sperry’s research on split brain patients contributed to our understanding of brain lateralization.

16. The Left and Right Hemispheres Corpus Callosum connects left and right hemispheres Left Hemisphere -- language -- mathematics -- judging time and rhythm --sequencing complex movements Right Hemisphere -- perceptual skills -- recognizing objects and faces -- recognizing patterns and melodies -- drawing pictures

17. Our Brains Control Our Thinking, Feeling, and Behavior Key Takeaways – The old brain, including the brainstem, medulla, pons, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebellum, amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus regulates basic survival functions such as breathing, moving, resting, feeding, emotions and memory. – The cerebral cortex, made up of billions of neurons and glial cells, is divided into the right and left hemispheres and into four lobes. – The frontal lobes are primarily responsible for thinking, planning, memory and judgment. The parietal lobes are primarily responsible for bodily sensations and touch. The temporal lobes are primarily responsible for hearing and language. The occipital lobes are primarily responsible for vision. Other areas of the cortex act as association areas, responsible for integrating information.

18. Our Brains Control Our Thinking, Feeling, and Behavior Key Takeaways, continued – The brain changes as a function of experience and potential damage in a process known as plasticity. The brain can generate new neurons through neurogenesis. – The motor cortex controls voluntary movements. Body parts requiring the most control and dexterity take up the most space on the motor cortex. – The sensory cortex receives and processes bodily sensations. Body parts that are the most sensitive occupy the greatest amount of space on the sensory cortex. – The left cerebral hemisphere is primarily responsible for language and speech in most people, whereas the right hemisphere specializes in spatial and perceptual skills, visualization, and the ability to recognize patterns, faces, and melodies.

19. Our Brains Control Our Thinking, Feeling, and Behavior Key Takeaways, continued – The severing of the corpus callosum, which connects the two hemispheres, creates a “split brain patient,” with the effect of creating two separate minds operating in one person. – Studies with split-brain patients as research participants have been used to study brain lateralization. – Neuroplasticity allows the brain to adapt and change as a function of experience or damage.