2. The Muscular System Muscles contribute to the outward appearance of animals and are essential for movement, posture, breathing, circulation, digestion, and many other functions

3. Muscular System Types of muscle fibers Smooth Cardiac Skeletal

4. Types of Muscle

5. The Muscular System Muscles are classified as being voluntary or involuntary – Voluntary muscles are those that can be contracted or relaxed at will – Involuntary muscles are regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems

6. Functional Unit of the Muscle Sarcomere – fundamental functional unit of striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac) – http://highered.mheduc ation.com/sites/0072495 855/student_view0/cha pter10/animation__sarc omere_contraction.html http://highered.mheduc ation.com/sites/0072495 855/student_view0/cha pter10/animation__sarc omere_contraction.html

7. The Nervous System The nervous system is a complex network that regulates most activities of the body, coordinates movements, and relays sensations

8. The Nervous System Two major divisions – central nervous system Brain and spinal cord – peripheral nervous system Nerves throughout body for sensory and motor control

9. The Nervous System Nerve cells are called neurons – Dendrite – Axon – Synapse

10. The Nervous System The brain controls most activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary – Major divisions Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain stem

11. Major Divisions of the Nervous System Cerebrum – Divided into the L and R hemispheres – Connected by corpus callosum – Functions in: determining intelligence and personality; thinking; perceiving; language; motor function; planning and organizing; touch sensation

12. Major Divisions of the Nervous System Cerebellum – Back of brain – Functions in: maintenance of balance and posture; coordination of voluntary movements; motor learning; cognitive functions (language)

13. Major Divisions of the Nervous System Diencephalon – Include: hypothalmus, thalmus, and epi- and subthalmus – Functions to: direct sense impulses throughout body; autonomic (involuntary/PNS), motor, and endocrine control; homeostasis; and touch sensation

14. Major Divisions of the Nervous System Brain stem – Stem-like part of the base of the brain connected to spinal cord – Consists of: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata – Functions to: control the flow of messages between the brain and body; control breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness; and identify if one is awake/alert or tired/sleepy

15. The Nervous System Composition – Gray matter is formed by the aggregation of the cell bodies of neurons – White matter is composed of myelinated nerve cell processes

16. The Nervous System Function – Gray Matter: muscle control; sensory perceptions, such as seeing and hearing; memory; emotions; and speech – White Matter: relays sensory information from the rest of the body to the cerebral cortex; regulates autonomic functions (body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure); expression of emotions; and regulation of food and water intake