1. 1 Chapter 2 Arthrology

2. 2 Section 1 The General Description A. Definition of the arthrology Arthrology treats of a connection between two or more bones or between bone and cartilage. The bones are connected together by the fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues. Section 1 The General Description A. Definition of the arthrology Arthrology treats of a connection between two or more bones or between bone and cartilage. The bones are connected together by the fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.

3. 3 B. Classification of articulation 2 main types: synarthroses and diarthroses. 1. Synarthroses (immovable articulation) They only have a little or no movement. a) fibrous joints ： sutures, syndesmoses) b) cartilaginous joints ： synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages symphyses —— fibrous cartilages. c) synostoses B. Classification of articulation 2 main types: synarthroses and diarthroses. 1. Synarthroses (immovable articulation) They only have a little or no movement. a) fibrous joints ： sutures, syndesmoses) b) cartilaginous joints ： synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages symphyses —— fibrous cartilages. c) synostoses

4. 4 fibrous joints ： sutures, syndesmoses cartilaginous joints ： synchondroses symphyses fibrous joints ： sutures, syndesmoses cartilaginous joints ： synchondroses symphyses

5. 5 synostoses

6. 6 2. Diarthroses (synovial joints or movable articulations) They provide free movement 2. Diarthroses (synovial joints or movable articulations) They provide free movement

7. 7 C. Essential structures of a synovial joint 1. Articular surfaces They have a layer of smooth hyaline cartilage. 2. Articular (joint) capsule: 2 layers Fibrous layer— superficial ， thickness. Synovial layer— deep, thin, slippery ， can produce synovia witch lubricates the joint. 3. Joint cavity a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid. b) It is negative to the atmosphere pressure. C. Essential structures of a synovial joint 1. Articular surfaces They have a layer of smooth hyaline cartilage. 2. Articular (joint) capsule: 2 layers Fibrous layer— superficial ， thickness. Synovial layer— deep, thin, slippery ， can produce synovia witch lubricates the joint. 3. Joint cavity a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid. b) It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.

8. 8 D. Accessory structures of the synovial joints 1. Ligaments: intracapsular extracapsular

9. 9 2. articular disc ， articular labrum (lip) articular meniscus 2. articular disc ， articular labrum (lip) articular meniscus

10. 10 3. Synovial folds and synovial bursae. 3. Synovial folds and synovial bursae.

11. 11 E. Movements of joint (diarthroses) 1. Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis) 2. Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis) 3. Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) 4. pronation and supination (only for forearm) medial rotation and external rotation. 5. Inversion and eversion 6. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises) 7. Gliding or slipping(in the plane joint) E. Movements of joint (diarthroses) 1. Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis) 2. Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis) 3. Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) 4. pronation and supination (only for forearm) medial rotation and external rotation. 5. Inversion and eversion 6. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises) 7. Gliding or slipping(in the plane joint)

12. 12 Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)

13. 13

14. 14 Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)

15. 15 eversion and Inversion

16. 16 Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis)

17. 17 F. Types of synovial joints According to the axis —— 1. The polyaxial joints a) plane joint(gliding joint): only a little of glide. b) ball- and –socket joint(spheroid joint): flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction.

18. 18

19. 19 2. The biaxial joints a) Ellipsoid joint (condyloid joint) flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction. b) Saddle joints(sellar joint): flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction.

20. 20

21. 21 3. The uniaxial joints a) Hinge joint (trochlear joint) only flexion and extension. b) Pivot joint rotation around a long axis.

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24 Section 2 The Joints of the bones of Trunk

25. 25 cervical curvature forward thoracic curvature backward lumbar curvature forward sacral curvature backward

26. 26 6 ligaments: （ body ) (1,anterior longitudinal lig. 2, posterior longitudina 3, intervertibral disc ) ligaments flava interspinal lig. supraspinal lig. intertransverse lig. intervertibral disc annulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus intervertibral joints 6 ligaments: （ body ) (1,anterior longitudinal lig. 2, posterior longitudina 3, intervertibral disc ) ligaments flava interspinal lig. supraspinal lig. intertransverse lig. intervertibral disc annulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus intervertibral joints

27. 27 Lumbosacral joint Synosteoses Craniovertibral joints: atlantooccipital joints median atlantoaxial joint lateral atlantoaxial joints Lumbosacral joint Synosteoses Craniovertibral joints: atlantooccipital joints median atlantoaxial joint lateral atlantoaxial joints

28. 28 Thoracic joints: 1.Costovertebral joints: costocapital joint costotransverse joint Thoracic joints: 1.Costovertebral joints: costocapital joint costotransverse joint 2. Sternocostal joints: 1st rib by synchondrosis 2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints 7th-10th : costal arch 2. Sternocostal joints: 1st rib by synchondrosis 2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints 7th-10th : costal arch

29. 29

30. 30 The thoracic cage

31. 31 Section 3 The Joints of the bones of limbs

32. 32 1. The joints of the upper limb A. The joints of the girdle of the upper limb 1. The sternoclavicular joint

33. 33 2. acromioclavicular joint 3. coracoclavicular ligment 4. coracoacromial ligment

34. 34 B. The joints of the free upper limb 1. The shoulder joint coracohumeral lig. glenoid labrum tendon of long head of biceps brachii B. The joints of the free upper limb 1. The shoulder joint coracohumeral lig. glenoid labrum tendon of long head of biceps brachii

35. 35 2. The elbow joint humeroulnar joint— humeroradial joint proximal radioulnar joint

36. 36 3. The joints between ulnar and radius proximal radioulnar joint interosseous membranes of forarm proximal radioulnar joint

37. 37 4. The joints of the hand The wrist joint The intercarpal joints The carpometacarpal joints The intermetacarpal joint The metacarpophalangeal joints The interphalangeal joints 4. The joints of the hand The wrist joint The intercarpal joints The carpometacarpal joints The intermetacarpal joint The metacarpophalangeal joints The interphalangeal joints

38. 38 2. The joints of the lower limb A) The joints of the pelvic girdle of the lower limb 1. The pubic symphsis 2. The sacroiliac joint 3. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments 4. The obturator membrane obturator canal 5. The pelvis terminal line greater pelvis lesser pelvis

39. 39

40. 40 B) The joints of the free lower limb 1. The hip joint acetabulum head of femur acetabular labrum transverse acetabular ligamenr ligament of head of femur

41. 41 2. The knee joint patellar ligament tibial collateral ligament fibular collateral ligament

42. 42 anterior cruciate ligament posterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus medial meniscus alar folds uprapatellar bursa

43. 43 3. The tibiofibular union tibiofibular joint crural interosseous membrane tibiofibular syndesmosis 4. The joints of foot The ankle joint The intertarsal joints The tarsometatarsal joints The intermetatarsal joints The metatarsophalangeal joints The interphalangeal joints of foot 5. The arches of foot

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45. 45 Section 4 The Joints of skull most bones of the skull are connected together by suture, synchodroseis, or synostosis. Section 4 The Joints of skull most bones of the skull are connected together by suture, synchodroseis, or synostosis.

46. 46 The temporomandibular joint head of mandibular condyle temporal articular tubercle mandibular fossa of temporal bone temporomandibular ligament articular disc