1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Michael Hall 14 Illicit Drugs: Use, Misuse, and Abuse

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objectives Discuss the six categories of drugs, and explain their routes of administration. Discuss patterns of illicit drug use, including who uses them, and why. Discuss the use and abuse of controlled substances. Profile illegal drug use in the United States, including frequency, financial impact, arrests for drug offenses, and impact on the workplace.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Drug Dynamics Drugs work by physically resembling chemicals produced naturally in the body Receptor site theory – drugs bind to specific receptor sites in the body

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Type of Drugs Prescription Over-the-counter (OTC) Recreational Herbal Illicit Commercial

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Routes of Administration of Drugs Oral ingestion Injection: Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous Inhalation Inunction Suppositories

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.1 How the Body Metabolizes Drugs Figure 14.1

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Using, Misusing, and Abusing Drugs Drug misuse – the use of a drug for a purpose for which it is not intended Drug abuse – excessive use of drugs Addiction – the habitual reliance on a substance or behavior to produce a desired mood

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 14.2 Selected Drugs and Risk of Dependence Table 14.2

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Illicit Drugs Illicit drugs – drugs that are illegal to possess, produce, or sell Estimated that 9.4% of full-time employees in the United States is under the influence of illicit substances or alcohol 2003 – estimated 19.2 million Americans were illicit drug users

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Who Uses Illicit Drugs? 2003 – 52% of college students had tried any drug 30.7% of college students have tried marijuana vs. 9% of all Americans

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 14.1 Prevalence of Use for Various Types of Drugs, 2002 Table 14.1

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Controlled Substances Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-513) – created categories for both prescription and illegal substances Schedule I drugs – highest potential for abuse, with no medicinal purpose Schedule II, III, IV, and V – have known and accepted medical purposes, but many present a serious threat to health when misused or abused

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 14.3 How Drugs Are Scheduled Table 14.3

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stimulants Cocaine: Methods of cocaine use: “Snorting” Smoking (freebasing) Injection Physical effects: Euphoric Increased heart rate and blood pressure Loss of appetite Convulsions

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.3 Ups and Downs of a Typical Dose of Cocaine Figure 14.3

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stimulants (continued) Amphetamines: Sold under a variety of names: bennies, dex, meth, speed, cross tops, uppers Methamphetamine – powerfully addicting, easily made using over-the-counter drugs Ice – a potent methamphetamine, usually imported from Asia that is purer and more crystalline than U.S. version

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Marijuana Physical effects – dilation of blood vessels in the eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite, lowered blood pressure, mild muscular weakness Users may experience severe anxiety, panic, paranoia, and psychosis Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – psychoactive substance in marijuana

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Opiates Also called narcotics Derived from opium, the dark, resinous substance made from the juice of the opium poppy Powerful depressant of the central nervous system Derivatives include morphine, codeine Synthetic opiates: Percodan, Demerol, and Dilaudid Oxycontin, another powerful opiate Heroin – highly addictive Endorphins are manufactured in the body and have many receptor sites

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Treatment for Heroin Addiction Most heroin addiction programs are not very successful Distinct pattern of withdrawal: Crave another dose 4–6 hours after initial dose 12 hours after initial dose – sleep disturbance, irritability, muscle tremors 24–72 hours – nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea Methadone – synthetic narcotic that blocks the effects of opiate withdrawal

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hallucinogens Psychedelics – mind manifesting Reticular formation – located in the brain stem; when hallucinogen reaches this site “messages” become scrambled Synesthesia – sensory messages are mixed (smell colors, or hear tastes) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4 The Reticular Formation Figure 14.4

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hallucinogens Mescaline – derived from peyote cactus Psilocybin – derived from a group of mushrooms Phencyclidine (PCP) – synthetic substance originally developed as a “dissociative anesthetic”

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Designer Drugs Collectively known as club drugs: Ecstasy GHB Special K Rohypnol

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inhalants Chemicals which produce vapors capable of causing hallucinations and create intoxicating and euphoric effects Some agents are organic solvent by-products of the distillation of petroleum products: Rubber cement, model glue, paint thinner, lighter fluid, varnish, wax, and gasoline

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroids Anabolic steroids – artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone Ergogenic drugs – substance that enhances athletic performance Two forms: Injectable solutions Pills Variety of adverse effects: mood swings, acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, kidney disease Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 – Schedule III drug

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Illegal Drug Use in the United States Costs of illegal drug use in the U.S. is $160 billion Estimate includes costs associated with substance abuse treatment and prevention, health care, reduced job productivity and lost earnings, and social consequences such as crime and welfare Roughly half of the expenditures goes toward combating crime related to illegal drugs Drugs in the workplace – highest rates of illicit drug use by industry: construction, food preparation, restaurant, transportation, and material-moving industries

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Solutions to the Problem Educating young people Stricter border surveillance Longer prison sentences Increased government spending on prevention Enforcing anti-drug laws More research