1. fourth quarter: atlas analysis 钟树荣（ PhD ，副教授） 昆明医科大学法医学院

2. AMEL D3S1358 TH01 TPOX D2S1338 D19S433 FGA D21S11 D18S51 CSF1PO D16S539 D7S820 D13S317 D5S818 VWA D8S1179 1 integrated analysis vs. 16 separate runs Information is tied together with multiplex PCR and data analysis AmpFlSTR ® Identifiler™ (Applied Biosystems)

4. In STR analysis practice, not every batch of every sample analysis, can be completed accurately and automatically by computer program Sometimes sample automatic classification result is wrong, need professional personnel adjustment parameter analysis, to analysis to obtain the correct classification

5. Affect the classification 一、 Classification standard allelic naming errors 二、 Within the logo don't mistake 三、 Base jumping or swing 四、 stutter peak 五、 A template depends on A

6. Affect the classification 六、 Other pseudo peak 七、 Gender recognition graph anomalies 八、 Peak of the balance 九、 Heterozygosity lost or 3 alleles 十、 off-ladder peak

7. 一、 Classification standard allelic naming errors Ladder, each each loci alleles are not completely equal amounts. After electrophoresis detection, the signal strength is different also

8. If a loci of the a allele fragments: Volume is relatively small, the sample quantity is less, and the peak threshold is set too high All the alleles are reduce a repeating unit

9. 1 、 If a particular loci alleles first fragment: Appear before small a repeating unit of pseudo peak (copy slip product), sample quantity is big, and the peak on the threshold value is set too low All the alleles increase a repeating unit name

10. replication slippage ： The main cause of STR polymorphisms

11. Action Taken 1 、 Synchronous analysis of known reference samples （ 9947A ） 2 、 Check whether the loci alleles named Ladder is accurate.

12. 二、 Within the logo don't mistake Identify the correct internal standard

13. 1 、 Signal is too low Adjust peak threshold Increase in scalar electrophoresis again solve

14. 1 、 Analysis of range error

15. To adjust the scope of analysis 200 300 340 350 400 解决

16. 3.Electrophoresis data is not complete Internal standard fragment is not all of them Collection, internal standard larger pieces missing More than 400 bp fragment don't read Electrophoresis again

17. cause 1 、 Environmental temperature has significant effects on speed of electrophoresis 2 、 Electrode buffer, capillary, etc. Use too much times, Electrophoresis resolution decreased

18. 三、 Base jumping or swing Base jumping or swing ： Baseline is too high, more than peak threshold Countless fragment peaks

21. cause 1 、 Call matrix file error or are not suitable for analysis 2 、 Peak signal is too strong, jamming signals could not be eliminate completely

22. take measures Avoid blindly increase the sample amount: Peak signal is too strong Reduce the sample quantity After dilution products, electrophoresis again The ideal peak charts ： 1000-3000

23. 四、 stutter peak In STR classification mapping, often before a target STR allele peak, there is little the position of a repeating unit a weak signal peak

24. This extra peak is due to the PCR amplification, fragments amplified copy slip form, called the shadow zone (stutter band) or shadow peak stutter (peak).

25. Stutter peak height or peak area should not exceed 15% of the purpose of allele peak Always in front of the objective allele peak small one repeating unit Within the same loci, long alleles product relatively short allele stutter Peak signal is too strong and homozygous genes, are more likely to stutter peak was observed

26. take measures Augment To reduce the amount of DNA samples electrophoresis Reduce the sample quantity, reduces the peak signal strength Mention peak threshold Adopting peak signal filtering With higher thermal stability of DNA polymerase activity increases Affect the mixed samples

27. 五、 A template depends on A Still have A kind of phenomenon, in the PCR process is dependence on amplification products of template to add A DNA polymerase can, in the end of the amplification products of 3 '- nonspecific to connect A adenosine A A------------------ ------------------A

28. Through the primer design and the amplification cycle after the end of heat preservation, can make each fragment amplification products 3 '- are at the end add A A 预变性 95 ℃,11min 变性 95˚C,1min 60 ℃, 60min 延伸 72˚C, 1min 退火 59˚C, 1min 35

29. Each allele fragments of all amplified product bases of DNA molecules are exactly the same. Electrophoresis in single piece

30. If the achieved only half of A process, can make the same allele fragments amplification contains added A and not A, two DNA fragments, which is A base. The a allele two amplification product in electrophoresis, were identified as two peaks. Two peak close to, in the base into a peak, fork pointed part formed two peaks, referred to as a double peak.

31. Add A product peak fragment size and corresponding allelic ladder Genes in same size, was named digital

32. Without A product, no corresponding allelic ladder, was identified as off - ladder

33. cause 1 、 When amplification DNA template 2 、 Amplification system, with PCR inhibitor 3 、 Taq polymerase or severe attenuation due to less quantity.

34. attention 1 、 Double peak phenomenon in small fragments alleles than large fragments, etc A gene is more common. 2 、 If on a sample of data, in a larger pieces Fixed alleles in a single peak, then to consider Samples in the loci alleles micro variations may occur

35. 六、 Other pseudo peak In the electrophoresis process, when equipment appear short pulse output current, peak figure will appear in the data signal baseline suddenly beating. Peak in the figure is shown as figure is too high the fault type of peak suddenly, the pseudo peak may be identified as the fragment peaks "Wedge" peak

36. cause Buffer containing solid particles, the particle surface if the negatively charged Stick the peak charts With d = 0.25 um filter, water filter for compound electrode buffer

38. 七、 Gender recognition graph anomalies At present the commonly used commercial kits AmpF l STR ® Identifiler AmpF l STR ® Sinofiler TM PowerPlex ® 16 Amelogenin （性别 STR 基因 座） “15+1”STR Gene Locus

39. For most individuals ： Amelogenin detection, can accurately identify the sex of the individual.

40. Abnormal one Male individual Y chromosome AmelogeninRare is missing Don't have access to the Y chromosome amplification products Men samples were wrong that is female Y-STRamplification expression result solve

41. Exception 2 Male individual X chromosome amelogenin Rare is missing Only Y chromosome amplification products Men's samples didn't detect the X chromosome X-chromosome Amelogenin Primer amplification expression result solve

42. 八、 Peak of the balance

43. A loci of two segments of heterozygote peak signal strength differences of the phenomenon is more common, the main reason is that amplify imbalance Electric sample, small fragments faster into the capillary Small pieces was slightly higher than the peak peak larger pieces.

45. Typically, small fragments peak area is bigger than big fragment peaks. However, peak area should be larger pieces in a small segment of the peak area More than 70%. That is the same different loci alleles The peak area of difference should be within 30%. If the two alleles of peak height difference is more than 70%, you will need to consider may be mixed samples

46. cause 1 、 Amplification DNA template is too little 2 、 DNA Template degradation 3 、, exist in the PCR reaction system inhibitors: hemoglobin and its derivatives, etc

47. Loss of heterozygosity 1 、 Loss of heterozygosity Heterozygous samples in the corresponding loci detected one allele, similar to homozygous test results. But in peak area values and signal strength and other heterozygote heterozygote peak area of sample. Tumor samples

49. 九、 Third-class a gene Cause: The extra chromosome; Primer combination point mutations

50. Samples should be at the check out 3 or multiple genes 4 allele And pollution is more than often affected with batches of samples.

51. 十、 Off-Ladder 峰

52. To adjust the scope of analysis 200 300 340 350 400 solve

53. 2 、 Ladder naming errors

55. The influencing factors of spectrum analysis sample electrophoresis external environment