1. Note to self first day of review location, place, scale, week or day before the test tying it all together with the following pattern, regionalization, and globalization.

2. AP Human Course Outline I Geography: Its Nature and Perspective4% II Population16% III Culture Patterns and Processes16% IV Political Organization of Space16% V Agricultural and Rural Land Use16% VI Industrialization and Economic Development16% VII Cities and Urban Land Use16%

3. I Geography: Its Nature and Perspective The course introduces students to the importance of spatial organization— the location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes—in the understanding of human life on Earth.

4. Students learn how to use and interpret maps.

5. Reading Maps First look at Title, which describes the purpose of the map Next look at the legend. This is where the content is explained. Orient yourself by identifying principal features (major roads, cities, etc)

7. Types of Distortion

9. The Winkel tripel projection with Tissot's Indicatrix of deformation (National Geographic)Tissot's Indicatrix

10. The Mercator projection with Tissot's Indicatrix of deformation. (The distortion increases without limit at higher latitudes)Tissot's Indicatrix

11. Lambert's normal cylindrical equal-area projection with Tissot's Indicatrix of deformationTissot's Indicatrix

12. Isoline: a line that connects places of equal data value (air pollution or religion)

13. Isoline maps: show changes in the variable being mapped across a surface by lines that connect points of equal value

14. Cartogram: space is distorted to emphasize a particular attribute

15. Dot maps: use a dot to represent the occurrence of some variable in order to depict variation in density in a given area

16. Cloropleth Map: ranked classes of some variable are depicted with colors for predefined zones (counties, states, countries)

17. Percent over 25 with a Bachelor’s Degree

19. They also learn to apply mathematical formulas, models, and qualitative data to geographical concepts. Natural increase Dependency ratio Net migration Von thunen and Weber graphs

22. small scale maps: the place being mapped looks small on the map (i.e. a world map) but has a large denominator (making it a small number)

23. Large scale maps: local area (the place being mapped looks fairly large compared to what is shown on a world map for example a stadium)

24. Just as ½ is larger than 1/10, 1:10,000 is larger than 1:10,000,000

25. Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are: location, place, scale, pattern, (Created from a process) regionalization, and globalization

26. These concepts are basic to students’ understanding of spatial interaction and spatial behavior, the dynamics of human population growth and movement, patterns of culture, economic activities, political organization of space, and human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization.

27. Space or location is the where

28. Place: meaningful human associations with a location.

29. Human nature has a need to identify with a place and to differentiate ourselves through that place. Place suggests qualities of distinctiveness and identity with a location.

30. sense of place: feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories that they associate with a place Flam, Norway New Orleans

31. Places exert a strong influence on people’s physical wellbeing, and their opportunities.

32. Living in a small town dominated by petrochemical industries, for example, means a higher probability than elsewhere of being exposed to air and water pollution.

33. Do the following section just before the test

34. Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are: pattern, (Created from a process) regionalization, and globalization.

35. the dynamics of human population growth and movement, Countries move through stages with modernization Decline birthrate follows death rate Declining birthrate follows improved women rights Aging population follows

37. Birth Rate - Death Rate = Natural Increase or Annual Percentage Increase

38. Correlating economic, demographic and social indicators show that different indicators of development are associated with each other TQ

39. Gender Empowerment Index

40. Migration is affected by stage of DTM

41. First Major Era Second Major Era

42. Migration to richer regions

43. Where does the UK receive most of its immigrants from?

48. Chain Migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there reduces level of uncertainty ties to family and friends at the destination

51. Step Migration

52. patterns of culture, more regionalization loss of folk cultures, religions, language The language of industry dominates over local languages. English, Mandarin, Spanish etc. Ethnicities tend to congregate Ethnicities tend to assimilate after migrating

54. economic activities, Percentage of sectors change as countries develop. Economic structure

55. structure of a population

56. Von Thunen’s Agricultural Model A land use model used to explain the importance of proximity to the market in the choice of crops on commercial farms(this created a concentric pattern: circles sharing the same centers Von Thunen’s Agricultural Model A land use model used to explain the importance of proximity to the market in the choice of crops on commercial farms(this created a concentric pattern: circles sharing the same centers)

57. Regional Growth Many of these topics overlap: development, urbanization, migration etc.

58. agglomeration is used to describe the benefits that firms obtain when locating near each other. Facebook

59. agglomeration is central to the explanation of how cities increase in size and population; This concentration of economic activity in cities is the reason for the existence of them and they can persist and grow throughout time, only if their advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

60. Excessive agglomeration leads to diseconomies: crowding Traffic/circulation problems (resulting in increased transport costs and loss of efficiency)‏ high rents rising wages inflation (perhaps driven by strong demand for scarce housing)‏ a general decay of infrastructure because of intense use Etc.

61. Deglomeration occurs when companies and services leave because of increased costs of excessive concentration. (diseconomies)‏

62. It is this tension between agglomeration and diseconomies that allows cities to grow, but keeps them from becoming too large.

64. political organization of space, States are devolving by ethnicity Supranationalism is occurring: states are working together economically

65. human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization. As agriculture improves, people move to cities

67. In LDCs interregional migration is often from rural areas to squatter settlements outside large urban areas.

68. US cities are less dense as distance increases from city center.

69. In the US the middle class moves out of the inner city to suburbs,

70. the older interior becomes blighted Some blighted areas decrease in value so middle class move in and gentrify.

71. Gentrification is huge in Europe too Notting Hill London

72. Walter Christaller formulated the Central place theory: A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services.

73. larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements

74. larger settlements provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

75. towns and cities (central places) tend to be arranged in clear, orderly hierarchies

76. Under ideal circumstances (on flat plains, with good transportation in every direction),with hexagonal- shaped market areas of different sizes arranged around different-sized places

78. rank-size rule: a statistical regularity in city-size distributions of cities and regions. The relationship is such that the nth largest city in a country or region is 1/n the size of the largest city in that country or region.

79. Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are: regionalization,

80. Realms

81. the dynamics of human population growth and movement,

84. Death Rate

86. patterns of culture, loss of folk culture regionalization more in Culture section of review

87. economic activities, primary sector: economic activities that are concerned directly with natural resources of any kind (agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry)

88. Subsistence Agriculture: food produced for direct consumption of the growers and families (periphery)

89. Shifting cultivation is globally distributed in the tropics and subtropics, especially in the rainforests of :

98. Inequality in economic development often has a regional dimension

99. political organization of space,

100. human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization.

104. Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are: and globalization.

105. the dynamics of human population growth and movement, medical revolution, birth control, international migration patterns of culture, English as a lingua franca, diffusion of Christianity and Islam economic activities, green revolution, JIT, call centers, outsourcing, political organization of space, UN, WTO, trading blocs, federalism, NGO and human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization. LDCs continued urbanization, increase in shanty towns (not in MDCs)

107. A significant outcome of the course is students’ awareness of the relevance of academic geography to everyday life and decision making. This combination of the academic and the applied gives students a sophisticated view of the world.