1. The Emergence of Mass Society  New Urban Environment  Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); and 30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800) Migration from rural to urban  Improving living conditions Boards of health set up Clean water into the city Expulsion of sewage  Housing needs V.A. Huber British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct cheap housing for workers

2. The Social Structure of Mass Society  The Elite  5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth  Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy  The Middle Classes  Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class  Professionals  White-collar workers  Middle class values in the Victorian period  The Lower classes  80 percent of the European population  Agriculture  Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers

3. The Experiences of Women  Marriage and the Family  Difficulty for single women to earn a living Most women married  Birth control Female control of family size  Middle-class family Men provided income and women focused on household and child care Fostered the idea of togetherness Victorian ideas  Working-class families Daughters work until married 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages Material consumption

4. Movement for Women’s Rights  Fight to own property  Access to higher education by middle and upper-middle class women  Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching, nursing  Demand for equal political rights  Most vocal was the British movement  Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903  Suffragettes  Support of peace movements  The New Woman  Bertha von Suttner

5. Education in an Age of Mass Society  In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier middle class  Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12  State teacher training schools  Reasons: Needs of industrialization Need for an educated electorate To instill patriotism  Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women  “Natural role” of women

6. Leisure in an Age of Mass Society  Created by the industrial system  Transportation systems meant:  Working class could go to amusement parks, dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activities