1. IV) Female Reproductive System
A) Basic Anatomy

2. IV) Female Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy

3. IV) Female Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Cervix
(Urethra)
Vagina
Shaft
Glans
Clitoris
Prepuce
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vaginal opening

4. IV) Female Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy
Oviduct
Ovaries
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Uterine wall
Uterus
Endometrium
Cervix
Vagina

5. IV) Female Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy
in comparison:
males produce sperm cells at a constant rate starting from sexual maturity
females are born with a set number of viable eggs and one is matured every 28 days after puberty.
the excretory system of the females does not cross the reproductive system like in the males (sperm out the urethra)
females follow a complicated sexual cycle where one ovum matures approximately every 28 days.
during fetal development in females the ovaries form in same abdominal region as the testis in the male.
the ovaries also descend but only as far as the pelvic region.
at birth the oocytes (immature ova) are already present within the ovaries.

6. IV) Female Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy

7. IV) Female Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy
Uterus (womb)
The largest organ in the female reproductive system.
a muscular, hollow organ shaped like an inverted pear.
the embryo and then fetus develop in the uterus during normal pregnancy.
composed of two major tissues
a muscular outer lining
a glandular inner lining known as the endometrium.

8. IV) Female Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy
Ovaries
the female gonads.
produce only a limited number of gametes called eggs or ova (singular ovum)
produce sex hormones.

9. IV) Female Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy
Fallopian Tubes
the ovaries are connected to uterus by the fallopian tubes.
can also be called the oviduct
site of fertilization (if implantation occurs in the oviduct you get an atopic-pregnancy)
at the end of each fallopian tube there are finger like projections called fimbriae.
fimbriae sweep the egg into the oviduct.

10. III) Reproductive System A) Basic Anatomy
Vagina
connects the uterus with the outside environment.
site of sexual intercourse and the birth canal.
is acidic, creating a hostile environment for microbes and other pathogens.
is connected to the uterus by the cervix.
the cervix is a muscular band

11. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis

12. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis
where as the sperm is small the ovum is much larger because it is packed full of nutrients so it can divide rapidly after fertilization.
like a sperm cell an ovum oocyte undergoes a type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes (called meiosis).

13. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis

14. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis
is the formation of an ovum
occurs in specialized cells in the ovaries called follicles.
a follicle contains two types of cells
a primary oocyte
cells of the granulosa
~ the granulosa is the layer of cells that form the follicle wall. They provide nutrients for the developing oocytes.

15. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis
begins when the nutrient follicle cells which ARE surrounding the primary oocyte begin to divide.
the primary oocyte undergoes cell division and while this occurs the majority of cytoplasmic nutrients move to one of the poles and form a secondary oocyte.
the secondary oocyte contains 23 chromosomes.
the remaining cell, called the first polar body, receives little cytoplasm and dies.

16. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis
as the follicle cells surrounding the secondary oocyte start to proliferate a fluid filled cavity forms.
the dominant follicle begins to push outwards trying to escape the ovary.
constriction of blood vessels weaken the ovarian wall.
enzymes weaken the follicle wall from the inside.
the seconday oocyte (with the first polar body) is released, this is called ovulation.

17. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis

18. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis
the follicle cells that were surrounding the secondary oocyte stay in the ovary and transform into the corpus luteum.
the corpus luteum secretes hormones essential for pregnancy.
if no pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates.
after its release from the ovary the secondary oocyte is swept into the end of the Fallopian tube by the fimbriae.
the secondary ooctye is moved along the Fallopian tube by cilia
if healthy sperm is present fertilization will occur.

19. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis

20. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis

21. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis

22. IV) Female Reproductive System B) Oogenesis
after fertilization in the Fallopian tube
the secondary oocyte undergoes an uneven division again.
the cells that retain most of the cytoplasm (nutrients) becomes the ovum.
the other cell becomes the second polar body, which deteriorates.
if no fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte will deteriorate within 24 hours and die.
the women will then undergo a menstrual cycle.

23. IV) Female Reproductive System
along with the development of the secondary sexual characteristics puberty also initiates the menstrual cycle.
secondary sexual characteristics in females include:
enlarged breasts
hair growth in armpits and pubic area
wider hips
fat deposits around buttocks and hips
angle from thigh to ankle is slightly bent