1. Decision Making Under Risk and Uncertainty: An Overview Lecture II

2. Introduction The study of economics is inherently the study of choices: Consumer demand Producer’s problem Any student of economics will admit that the economy cannot be fully explained using this simplistic approach. Property rights problems Government barriers Imperfect or incomplete information

3. Formulating the Risk Problem Agreement on terminology A basic assumption is there exists at least two actions a 1 and a 2. The outcome of these actions will be affected by a random event E. One of the things that makes an event random is that it has more than one possible value A or B. The combination of the action and the random event is an outcome o a|A is the outcome for using action a 1 under event A.

4. Overview of the Risk Problem

5. Fertilizer Case Taking the scenario where the producer chooses the level of fertilizer to apply to apply to a crop:

6. We assume that the results (outcomes) of our actions are going to be affected by the state of nature of a random event (E). We assume that the event could result in two possible values ( A or B ). In the production scenario these results will be qualitative (i.e., A is a high rainfall event while is a low rainfall event).

7. The outcome as a quantitative variable (i.e., A is the number of inches of rainfall received during the growing period. Also in this vein we could view the event as an input (albeit an uncontrollable input) into the production process. Let x 2 in the profit equation be the number of inches of rainfall received in the growing season.

8. Next week we will discuss the assignment of probabilities in more detailed, now let P[E=A]=0.60 and P[E=B]=0.40.

9. Table 1. Yield and Profit per Acre for the Cobb-Douglas Production Function Nitrogen per AcreRainfall (inches per growing Season) 3035 Corn Yield (Bushels per Acre) 9041.7146.46 11044.3049.35 Profit per acre ($s) 90103.95116.31 110109.68122.80

10. Decision Criteria The forgoing discussion outlines the physical description of the economic problem facing the decision maker; however, at this point it is devoid of economic content. One that is usually offered is to choose the action that maximizes the expected value of production.

11. Under this decision criteria a 2 is preferred to a 1 since While this answer students will probably be hard- pressed to give a compelling reason as to why such a criteria would be appropriate. One justification would be that since microeconomic theory assumes that consumers make decisions to maximize utility and since utility is constrained by income, then consumers would choose the action that makes them better off on average.

12. Decision Making Under Risk: Fact and Fiction Two potential misconceptions about our treatment should be immediately dismissed. First, a good risky decision does not guarantee a good outcome; rather, it is one consistent with the decision maker’s beliefs about possible outcomes. A good decision is a considered choice based on a rational interpretation of the available information. Whether such a decision turns out right or wrong is partly a matter of luck and in any case can never be determined until after the event, and often not even then. Second, the normative procedures we will present serve to aid decision makers through the complexities of their decision problems. The role of the decision maker is in no way denigrated; as we shall see, his beliefs and preferences are of absolutely paramount importance. (Anderson, Dillon, and Hardaker p.3).