1. The North Pacific Ocean Climate During the Last Glacial Maximum Presented at the Paths Across the Pacific V Conference Sitka, Alaska July 28, 2006 Thomas C. Royer Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529 and Professor Emeritus, University of Alaska royer@ccpo.odu.edu royer@ccpo.odu.edu email; royer@ccpo.odu.eduroyer@ccpo.odu.edu

2. Use of ocean physics to support the concept of early human migration using a coastal route

3. I.Present Conditions II.Relate to Past Conditions III. Future Studies

4. Use the Present to Reconstruct the Past Studies of present oceanographic processes in the northern North Pacific Ocean will allow the understanding past marine conditions. Physical processes driving the ocean circulation today are similar to those processes that took place many millenniums ago.

5. Begin by looking at the physics of coastal ocean circulation in the northern North Pacific Two Important Physical Concepts 1. Water runs “downhill” 2. Water flows turn to the right: The rotation of the earth turns the currents to the right in the northern hemisphere also known as Coriolis acceleration.

7. From Reed and Schumacher, 1986.

8. Modern climate conditions near Seward, Alaska

9. OSP

10. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 1989

11. Present Characteristics of the Alaska Coastal Current Width – about 30 kilometers (18 miles) Length – Columbia River to Bering Strait Speed – 25-180 cm/second (0.5 - > 3 knots) Direction – Cyclonic (counterclockwise, N) Depth – 50-100 meters (150-300 feet)

12. GAK1 OSP

13. Temperature Time Series @ GAK 1 near Seward for 2 layers

14. Salinity Time Series @ GAK 1 near Seward for 2 layers

16. Recent increases in glacial ablation (Arendt, et al. 2002) have decreased the salinity, increased the transports and temperatures.

17. Cyclonic Activity Salinity Heat Advection Freshwater Discharge - + + - + Hydrologic Cycle for Gulf of Alaska From Royer, et al., 2001

18. For this two layer system (0-100m and 100-250) there is a significant (C.I.> 99.) increase in temperature of +0.034 degrees C per year (+/- 0.004) in the upper layer and +0.027 degrees C per year (+/- 0.004) in the lower layer. Thus over the 33 year record, the temperature anomaly has increased by about 1 degree C! The salinity decreased in the upper layer at a rate of -0.0029 per year (+/- 0.0015) (C.I. > 90) and increased in the lower layer at a rate of +0.0025 per year (+/-0.0009) (C.I.>90). This suggests an increased stratification, increasing the transport that causes increased advection of heat from the south along coastal Gulf of Alaska. Of course, this has climate change implications. The Simplified Two Layer Explanation

19. So how can the existing conditions tell us about the past?

21. What were the climatic conditions over the North Pacific in the midst of the Last Glacial Maximum?

22. Last Glacial Maximum - Preindustrial Temperatures (Otto- Bliesner, et al., 2006)

23. Zonally Averaged Temperature Changes of CCSM3 Slab and Coupled Models (Otto-Bliesner, et al.,2006)

24. Differences in Sea Ice Thicknesses (m) During LGM Compared With PI (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2006)

25. Annual Atlantic Ocean Mean Wind Stress (dynes/sq.cm) (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2006)

26. Temperature-Salinity Profiles for LGM and PI (dashed) (Otto-Bliesner et al., 2006)

28. Characteristics of the Alaska Coastal Current during LGM Width – less than 15 kilometers ( 9 miles) Length – Columbia River to Kamchatka Speed – 3-18 cm/second (0.06 - > 0.3 knot) Direction – Cyclonic (counterclockwise, N) Depth – 5-10 meters (15-30 feet)

29. From Dixon, 1999

31. Dixon, 2003 Potential Migration Path of Early Americans, 18,000 BP

32. www.ancestrybydna.com/migration.asp

33. THE PREVAILING WINDS AND CURRENTS OF THE WORLD'S OCEANS AND THE SEA ROUTES NAVIGATORS WOULD HAVE USED The Atlantic Ocean could not have been home to Atlantis 11,500 years ago, but it could have been a sea-way, a virtual conveyor belt to the “lost continent.” It is far easier to sail across the Atlantic from Iberia to the Americas under steady winds and a favouring current than it is to sail even half that distance in the Mediterranean where currents are tricky and winds can blow hard from any direction and then dissipate into a sailors’ nightmare – a complete calm. From Atlantis in America – Navigators of the Ancient World by Ivar Zapp and George Ericson

34. Possible Clovis and pre-Clovis paleoindian migration routes, (Clovis= dashed) From “Warmings in the far northwestern Pacific promoted pre-Clovis Immigration in America during Heinrich event II” (Samthein, et al., 2006)

35. Necessary Pleistocene Nautical Skills Ability to move people and limited cargo Ability to move against the winds and currents Ability to follow the coastline Ability to follow the marine ecosystem

36. From www.gallica.co.uk/celts/boats.htm Coracles Prehistoric Boats

37. Basic Boat Types 1. Raft – not very sea worthy as Thor Heyerdahl proven 2. Skin – limited endurance, advanced design attained rapidly 3. Bark – complicated construction, tools needed 4. Dugout – simplest, but open ended

38. From www.gallica.co.uk/celts/boats.htm Log Boat

39. Umiak Bone or wooden frame with skin covering Uses local materials found at high latitudes

40. Primitive boats constructed from animal hides Frame work of wood or bone Lashed together Did not require advanced tools for their construction Inverted animal tents Lightweight Capable of carrying significant loads Umiaks

41. Disadvantages of skin boats (associated with their walrus skin covers) Walrus can puncture the covers Walrus skins need to be replaced every year or two After 24-36 hours in the water, the skins become waterlogged, heavy, begin to leak and require drying out. (Braund,1988)

42. The Late Pleistocene Yacht Club From The First Americans by Adovasio and Page, 2002

43. ALBAN SKIN-COVERED VESSEL This cut-away drawing gives an impression of the construction and carrying capacity of a fifty-foot, skin-covered vessel of Alban type. From The Alban Quest – The search for the lost tribe – by Farley Mowat

44. Dixon, 2003 During the LGM (18,000 BP) ACC was minimal, allowing easy migration southward in primitive skin boats. Sea level was also about 120 m lower.

45. http://www.geo.umass.edu/beringia/index.html Sea Level At Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)

46. From Mithen, 2004

47. A paleosalmoncentric society would have settlements centered on today’s drowned river valleys along the shelf break.

50. From www.gallica.co.uk/celts/boats.htm Corak