1. 1 CRESCO: Centro computazionale di RicErca sui Sistemi COmplessi Where the World Stands on Supercomputing Prof. Jack Dongarra University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory

2. 2 Powerful Beyond Imagination Suppose you had a problem that was 100 meters long and the faster you could go from start to finish the faster you could:  Divert the outbreak of a deadly plague, or  Find ways to combat global warming, or  Build a lighter, faster aircraft Imagine that when you crossed the finish line you would understand a complex biological process so well that you would be able to  Cure a disease or  Extend live itself

3. 3 Today … Corporations, universities and governments from around the world are lining up for the race of the century. It’s a race to solve some of the most complex problems anyone has ever considered. Being first across the finish line not only determines who gets rich and who doesn’t, but perhaps who lives and who dies.

4. 4 The Third Pillar of 21st Century Science Three pillars  theory, experiment and computing Supercomputers enables us to  Investigate phenomena where economics or constraints preclude experimentation  Evaluate complex models and manage massive data volumes  Model processes across interdisciplinary boundaries  Transform business and engineering practices

5. 5 Supercomputing Drives Business Competitiveness Reducing design costs through virtual prototyping Reducing physical tests for faster time to market Image courtesy of Pratt & Whitney

6. 6 Supercomputing Drives Business Competitiveness Complex aerodynamic components for its car designed with the aid of a Supercomputer Using computational fluid dynamics computations to simulate airflow around parts to aid downforce and aerodynamics and to improve the efficiency of engine and brake cooling.

7. 7 Weather and Economic Loss U.S. economy $13 Trillion  40% can be adversely affected by weather and climate $1M in loss to evacuate each mile of coastline  We now over warn by 3X!  Average over warning is 200 miles, or $200M per event Improved forecasts  Lives saved and reduced cost Source: Kelvin Droegemeier, Oklahoma

8. 8 Changing Competitive Environment Companies are facing serious global competitive challenges than in the past Industry can no longer compete on traditional cost and quality terms The ability to create new value and innovate will determine competitive advantage Supercomputing is a key ingredient in one’s innovation capacity, productivity, growth and ultimately, our standard of living.

9. 079 H. Meuer, H. Simon, E. Strohmaier, & JD - Listing of the 500 most powerful Computers in the World - Yardstick: Rmax from LINPACK MPP Ax=b, dense problem - Updated twice a year SC‘xy in the States in November Meeting in Germany in June - All data available from www.top500.org Size Rate TPP performance

10. Top500 Systems November 2007 10 21 systems > 50 Tflop/s 7 systems > 100 Tflop/s 149 systems > 10 Tflop/s Rmax (Tflop/s) 478 Tflop/s 5.9 Tflop/s ENEA #180 9.3 Tflop/s

11. 11 Supercomputer Performance Development My Laptop 6-8 years

12. 12 Where the 500 Most Powerful Computers Are Distributed

13. 13 Industrial Use of Supercomputers Of the 500 Fastest Supercomputer  Worldwide, Industrial Use is about 50% Aerospace Automotive Biology CFD Database Defense Digital Content Creation Digital Media Electronics Energy Environment Finance Gaming Geophysics Image Proc./Rendering Information Processing Service Information Service Life Science Media Medicine Pharmaceutics Research Retail Semiconductor Telecomm Weather and Climate Research Weather Forecasting

14. 14 Italian Computers in the Top 500 (November 2007) RankSiteManufYearProcs 48CINECAIBM20075120 71CINECAIBM200710240 180ENEAIBM20072560 247Energy CompanyIBM20072048 248Energy CompanyIBM20072048 264CINCEAHP20061024

15. Performance Development & Projections

16. 1 Tflop/s 1 Gflop/s1 Eflop/s 1 Pflop/s O(10 6 )Threads O(10 3 ) Threads O(1) ThreadO(10 9 ) Threads

17. The Supercomputing Continuum 17 Each strikes a different balance  computation/communication coupling Applications for diverse needs More than just providing faster solutions, more complex, larger, superior accuracy in what we are studying. Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled Clusters Highly Parallel “Grids” Special Purpose “SETI / Google”

18. 18 Supercomputing Powerful Beyond Imagination Supercomputers are indispensable for solving complex problems in every sector, from traditional science and engineering to business. From the design the cars we drive and the aircraft we fly in, to find and help extract new energy sources, to forecast severe weather, and to discover new life-saving medicines.