1. Section 7.3

2. Hubble’s Ideas...  Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)  An American astronomer  One of the first to study galaxies  Two of his major findings changed astronomy (1918-1929) 1.Confirmed many other galaxies existed beyond the Milky Way 2.Found that almost all galaxies are moving away from each other  This meant that the universe is expanding!! (this was stated by a man named Lemaître)

3. But how?  How did Hubble do this?  Measured the distance from Earth of 46 galaxies  Measured the speed of their movement  Collected light from the galaxies and examined their light spectrums (spectra)  Visible light spectrum: the rainbow band of colours into which white light separates when it passes through a prism  Hubble’s work and ideas remain the foundation of modern understanding of the nature and origin of the universe

4. The Big Bang Theory

5. The REAL Big Bang Theory  What is it?  One of the most remarkable theories of the 20 th century  States that the universe formed when an infinitely dense point suddenly and rapidly expanded in a single moment  NO EXPLOSION!!  All matter and energy today was created during the early minutes of the hot, rapid expansion  Credited to George Gamow and Ralph Alpher

6. The Big Bang Theory

7. Evidence for the BBT  Commonly accepted that universe formed 13.7 billion years ago  Beginning of universe and SPACE and TIME!!  What Hubble saw:  Looking at light spectra, figured out each galaxy’s speed moving away from ours  He saw that the farther away the galaxy was, the faster it was moving away  Loads of “light” elements (H and He)

8. The Wave Nature of Light  Electromagnetic radiation: energy that travels in waves of varying lengths  E.g.: light, radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays  Visible light is E.R. we can see with our eyes  When it is split into a rainbow of colours, it’s called the visible spectrum

9. Electromagnetic Spectrum Full range of E.R. organized by wavelength from very long to very short

10. The Wave Nature of Light  Wavelength of red light is longer than the wavelength for blue light  Spectroscope  This is an optical instrument that separates light into its spectral colours  Helps astronomers analyse star light

11. The Wave Nature of Light Spectral Lines Look like a UPC/bar code Created when each gas that makes up a star absorbs some of the light energy Each gas does this differently, creating different lines We can see the spectral lines of H in the spectra of almost all celestial objects, meaning H is present throughout the universe

12. Red-Shifted Spectral Lines  Spectral Shifting  The change in position of spectral lines to the left or right of where they normally are in the spectrum of a light source that is not moving  Astronomers noticed that in all galaxies Hubble was studying, spectral lines were shifted to the red end  This meant that the light source and observer are moving away from each other at a high speed!!

13. Picture the Waves... a) In this picture, the duck sits still, creating even ripples on the water b) As the ducks starts swimming, ripples behind stretch out (wavelength is longer) c) This is how Hubble knew galaxies were moving away from earth (expanding); he measured light wavelengths emitted from a galaxy to see if and where it was moving

14. Seeing Shorter VS Longer Wavelengths

15. Red-Shifted Spectral Lines  Hubble saw this red-shift pattern in many galaxies  Gave support to theory that space was expanding!  Keck telescope in Hawaii repeated Hubble’s work with 60 000 galaxies instead of 46  Added to Hubble’s work

16. Learning Checkpoint 1. What is a spectrum? 2. What is the name given to the generally accepted scientific theory that describes the origin and evolution of the universe? 3. How is it possible to know that the element hydrogen exists throughout the universe? 4. How does the idea that space itself is expanding relate to the observation that the spectra from distant galaxies are red-shifted?

17. Using Microwaves to Map Cosmic Background Radiation  Critical question related to BBT:  Where was the energy left over from formation of the universe?  First bit of universe was HOT with short waves  Then universe cooled and waves lengthened  where did the extra energy go?  All space should have evidence of this radiation

18. More Evidence for BBT  1965  Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson made the big discovery (found the radiation)  Cosmic background radiation  Energy left over from the massive split-sec expansion  1992 & 2006  Radiation Maps  Maps of cosmic background radiation collected from most distant parts of visible universe  CBR found fits with predictions consistent with BBT