1. Referencing Sandra Charles (s.charles@dundee.ac.uk) February 2007

2. What is referencing?
An important process of acknowledging another person’s ideas used in constructing essays or reports
The main purpose of referencing is to help the reader to locate and check the source, if required.

3. Referencing Styles
Applied Computing students use the Harvard System of Referencing or APA (American Psychological Association)

4. Terms used in referencing
The citation
The reference
The bibliography

5. Citations using Harvard
Writing can be a playful and creative activity (Bolton 2005).
Bolton (2005) suggests that writing can be a creative and playful activity.
A direct quote includes page number(s), e.g.
“Career development starts with an assessment of where you are and then determining where you want to be” (Turner 2007 p.34).

6. More citations
If you use more than one reference for an idea in your essay, list these using semi-colons.
For example…
There are many definitions in the literature of reflection, most however agree that it is an active, conscious process (Dewey 1933; Boud 1985; Schon ; Reid 1993).

7. Differences between Harvard and APA citation
Harvard: (Handy 1995)
APA: (Handy, 1995)
Harvard: (Sherman and Judkins 1995)
APA: (Sherman &Judkins, 1995)
Harvard: (Saunders et al. 2003)
APA: (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2003)

8. What does a Harvard reference list look like?
How-to-Study.com (n.d.) A strategy for reading textbooks. How-to-Study.com. (Accessed on ).
McMillan, K. and Weyers, J. (2006). The smarter student: skills and strategies for success at university. Harlow: Pearson.
Yang, Z. and Liu, Q. (2007) Research and development of web-based virtual online classroom. Computers & Education, 48(2), pp

9. Referencing a book – different conventions
Books by single authors
Books by several authors
Books with editors rather than authors
Books written by organisations rather than people (‘corporate authors’)
Books with chapters written by different people

10. Books by one author (Harvard)
The Template
Surname of author, Initial(s). (Date)
Book title.
Edition.
Place:
Publisher.
Example
Yate, M. J. (2005) Great answers to tough interview questions. 6th ed. London: Kogan Page.

11. Books by two or three authors
Other references for books
Books by two or three authors
Cantoni, L. and Tardini, S. (2006) Internet. Abingdon: Routledge.
[citation: (Cantoni and Tardini 2006)]
Books by four or more authors
Turban, E., Rainer, R. K., Potter, R. E. and Other, A. N.(2005) Introduction to information technology. Hoboken: Wiley.
[citation: (Turban et al. 2005)]

12. More book references
Books with editors
Fishwick, P. (ed.) (2006) Aesthetic computing. London: MIT Press.
Chapters or articles in an edited book
Chapman, G. Taming the computer. In M. Dery (1994) Flame Wars. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

13. Referencing an article
Two main types of reference:
Articles from journals or periodicals
Articles from newspapers

14. Articles in a journal Template Example
Author, Initial(s). (Date) Title of article. Journal title, Volume number (part number), page numbers.
Example
Kay, R. (2006) Addressing gender differences in computer ability, attitudes and use: the laptop effect. Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol 34(2),

17. Articles in a newspaper
Template
Date. Title of article. Newspaper name, page number.
Example
8th February Students rally over cuts at university. Dundee Courier, 10.

18. Referencing websites Template Example
Author surname, Initial. Title of article.
Available: url date accessed
Example
Sloman, A. Why computing education has failed and how to fix it.
Available: 14/02/07

19. Useful online resources
Advance at Dundee (for Harvard)
Learn Higher - Referencing
Purdue University (for APA)