1. Professor: Liu Student: Ruby
The relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to performance of driving tasks on an interactive driving simulator
Professor: Liu
Student: Ruby

2. Objective
To know why age and specific cognitive and perceptual characteristics of drivers to their performance of driving tasks on an interactive driving simulator.
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3. References The accident of older drivers was including:
Failure to follow traffic signs and signals.
Improperly passing intersections.
Making improper turns (left turns).
Inaccurate lane changes.
Careless backing.
Driving the wrong way on one-way streets.
McKnight, 1988; Yaksich, 1985; Waller, 1967
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4. Methods Participants: 95 people. Age from 18 to 81 years old.
Questionnaire.
Driving experience.
Accidents in the last five years.
Time of day car is used.
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5. Methods The cognitive skills included: Information processing speeds
Attention
Memory
Visuoconstructive / visuospatial
Abstraction
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6. Methods Information processing speeds Posner letter matching task
Recalling highly overlearned name codes from long-term memory.
Sternberg short-term memory search task
Scan information in immediate memory.
Figural visual scanning and discrimination task
Scan five figures to identify the one figure.
Two-choice visual reaction time task
Psychomotor response spped.
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7. Methods Attention Digit span Memory and attention.
Continuous paired associates task
Memory and attentional resources.
Variable interstimulus
Alertness.
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8. Methods Abstraction Digit symbol substitution (WAIS-R)
Trial making test A & B (TMTA and TMTB)
Visuoconceptual and visuomotor tracking. (involves motor speed and attention).
Digit symbol substitution (WAIS-R)
Visuoperceptual and motor processes.
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9. Results
Older persons were less likely to have been involved in an accident than younger persons. (r=-.27, p=.008)
Total have 95 subjects, but only 64 subjects completed all aspects of the simulator driving.
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10. Results Relationship of age to cognitive characteristics
Age of the cognitive characteristics mentioned above showed significantly poorer performance on all the variables, except three:
Digit span
Number of errors on trial making tasks A & B.
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11. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
Collisions
Collisions ere significantly related to poor lane keeping (r=.33, p=.004) and going over the median (r=.40, p=.001) .
A multiple regression analysis showed going over the median to be the best predictor of collisions. (Beta=.40, p=.009)
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12. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
Lane keeping
Poor performance on the lane keeping task was related to slower speed on the TMTB task (r=.39, p=.001) and increasing age (r=-.31, p=.006)
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13. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
Number of times off median
Speed on the two choice reaction time task was significantly related to the number of times the subject went over the median on straight roads. (r=.35, p=.002)
The slower the reaction time on the two choice task, the more often the subjects went over the meidan.
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14. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
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15. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
The number of times the subjects went off the road increased significantly in relation
poor far visual acuity (r=.58, p<.0001).
Slow speed on the two choice reaction time (r=.41, p=.001).
Lower speed on the TMTA (r=.57, p<.0001).
Errors on the TMTB (r=.50, p<.0001).
Slow speed on the TMTB task (r=.65, p<.0001).
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16. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
Reaction to a vehicle’s sudden action
A significant relationship was found between performance on the variable interstimulus task and stopping at the appearance of the van (r=-.64, p<.0001).
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17. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
Reaction to a stop light
The score on the digit span backward was significant (r=.42, p<.0001).
Reaction to stop sign
No significant was found in here.
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18. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
Knowledge of traffic signs
Age was significant to the number of traffic signs identified (r=-.46, p<.0001).
The free recall score on the California verbal learning test was significant related to the number of traffic signs (r=.42, p<.0001)
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19. Results
Relationship of age and cognitive characteristics of drivers to driving performance.
Left turn performance
51 subjects completed the left turn and without collision.
The subject waited before turning increased significantly in relation to the:
Age (r=.43, p=.002)
Poor near visual acuity (r=.42, p=.002)
Slow reaction time(r=.43, p=.003)
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20. Discussion
None of the cognitive characteristics of drivers were related to collisions.
They were related to driving tasks and driving outcomes.
Age sensitive cognitive and perceptual characteristics of drivers in the performance of driving tasks and important of distinct cognitive characteristics to particular tasks.
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