1. Disease as a failure of homeostasis Disease Basics

2. Immune System: The Video Clip

3. Disease: What is it? Disease Disease:  Any condition that prevents the body from working as it should  Can be due to ANY of the following: Pathogens: a disease causing agent Pathogens: a disease causing agent  Bacteria and Fungi (living)  Viruses (non living) Toxins: a chemical substance that causes harm by disrupting bodily functions Toxins: a chemical substance that causes harm by disrupting bodily functions  Carbon Monoxide (cigarette smoke!) Inherited Inherited  Hemophilia – What’s that???

4. Bacteria: The Video Clip

5. Viruses: The Video Clip

6. Diseases: How are they spread? AIR BORNE:  COUGHING, SNEEZING, ETC VECTORS:  ANIMALS/INSECTS THAT CARRY DISEASES AND SPREAD THEM MOSQUITOES = MALARIA, WEST NILE VIRUS TICKS = LYME DISEASE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED:  SPREAD BY SEXUAL CONTACT AIDS, HERPES, ETC.

7. Infectious Disease: The Video Clip

8. Disease: Fighting it! ANTIBIOTICS: ANTIBIOTICS:  KILL BACTERIA WITHOUT HARMING THE CELLS OF ANIMALS  SOME CAN DESTROY THE CELL WALLS OF BACTERIA SO THEY DIE.  EXAMPLE IS PENICILLIN

9. Antibiotics: The Video Clip

10. Disease: Fighting it! ANTIVIRALS PREVENT VIRUSES FROM INVADING CELLS AND THEN MULTIPLYING (Tamiflu) IMMUNE RESPONSE NON-SPECIFICSPECIFIC ACTIVE IMMUNITY

11. Disease as a failure of homeostasis The Immune System

12. Skin: The Video Clip

13. Immunity: Non-specific defenses FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE:  SKIN - MOST IMPORTANT PATHOGENS CANNOT PENETRATE PATHOGENS CANNOT PENETRATE WHEN BROKEN, OPENS BODY TO INFECTION WHEN BROKEN, OPENS BODY TO INFECTION  MUCUS TRAP BACTERIA IN NOSE AND MOUTH TRAP BACTERIA IN NOSE AND MOUTH  DIGESTIVE STUFF ACID AND ENZYMES CAN DESTROY PATHOGENS ACID AND ENZYMES CAN DESTROY PATHOGENS

14. 1 st Line of Defense

15. Immunity: Non-Specific Defenses SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE (INFLAMMATION) SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE (INFLAMMATION)  BLOOD VESSELS AROUND WOUND SWELL AND RELEASE WBC’S (PHAGOCYTES) REMEMBER PHAGOCYTOSIS? – SURROUND AND ENGULF!!  FEVERS ARE ALSO PART OF THIS RESPONSE

16. 2 nd Line of Defense

17. Immunity: Specific Defense RESPONSE TRIGGERED BY AN ANTIGEN: RESPONSE TRIGGERED BY AN ANTIGEN:  ORGANIC MATERIALS ON SURFACE OF PATHOGENS THAT BODY DOES NOT RECOGNIZE 3 Types of Specific Defense: 3 Types of Specific Defense:  Humoral Immunity  Cell Mediated Immunity  Permanent Immunity

18. Specific Defense: Humoral Immunity OCCURS IN BODY LIQUIDS (LYMPH AND BLOOD) OCCURS IN BODY LIQUIDS (LYMPH AND BLOOD) B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS) (WBC’S) B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS) (WBC’S)  PRODUCE ANTIBODIES IN RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS  ANTIBODIES ARE SPECIFIC TO ANTIGEN  Y SHAPED  CLUMPS BAD GUYS TOGETHER SO CAN BE DESTROYED BY PHAGOCYTE T LYMPHOCYTES (HELPER T CELLS) (WBC’S) T LYMPHOCYTES (HELPER T CELLS) (WBC’S)  AID B CELLS IN MAKING PLASMA CELLS

19. Humoral Response

20. Specific Defense: Cell-Mediated Immunity KILLER T CELLS “KILL” SINGLE PATHOGEN CELLS KILLER T CELLS “KILL” SINGLE PATHOGEN CELLS MAINLY FOR EUKARYOTIC INFECTIONS MAINLY FOR EUKARYOTIC INFECTIONS  PROTISTS AND FUNGI MAKES BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTS COMPLICATED MAKES BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTS COMPLICATED  DOCTOR LOOKS FOR CLOSEST MATCH  PATIENT MAY BE ON IMMUNOSUPPRESSORS FOR REST OF LIFE WHY IS THIS DANGEROUS?

21. Cell-Mediated

22. Specific Defense: Permanent Immunity ONCE YOU GET IT, YOU CAN’T GET IT AGAIN ONCE YOU GET IT, YOU CAN’T GET IT AGAIN DUE TO MEMORY B AND MEMORY T CELLS DUE TO MEMORY B AND MEMORY T CELLS  WILL CONTINUE TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES

23. Vaccines: The Video Clip

24. Immunity: Active Immunity EDWARD JENNER FIRST TESTED ACTIVE IMMUNITY EDWARD JENNER FIRST TESTED ACTIVE IMMUNITY BASED ON PERMANENT IMMUNITY BASED ON PERMANENT IMMUNITY VACCINES: VACCINES: VACCINES  WEAKENED OR MILD FORM OF A PATHOGEN THAT IS INJECTED TO PRODUCE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE  BODY WILL THEN RECOGONIZE ANITGEN WHEN INTRODUCED TO FULL BLOWN PATHOGEN  BODY WILL RESPOND VERY QUICKLY TO DESTROY PATHOGEN

25. Disease as a failure of homeostasis Immune System Disorders

26. Allergies: The Video Clip

27. Immune Disorders: Allergies IS AN OVERREACTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS AN OVERREACTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OCCURS WHEN ANTIGENS FROM ALLERGENS (POLLEN, PET DANDER, ETC) ATTACH TO MAST CELLS OCCURS WHEN ANTIGENS FROM ALLERGENS (POLLEN, PET DANDER, ETC) ATTACH TO MAST CELLS THIS IN TURN TRIGGERS HISTAMINES THIS IN TURN TRIGGERS HISTAMINES  THESE PRODUCE SNEEZING, RUNNY NOSE AND EYES ETC  THESE PRODUCE SNEEZING, RUNNY NOSE AND EYES ETC ….

28. Immune Disorders: Autoimmune Disorders WHEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MAKES A MISTAKE AND ATTACKS ITS OWN BODY CELLS WHEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MAKES A MISTAKE AND ATTACKS ITS OWN BODY CELLS CAN BE THE RESULT OF AN INFECTION CAN BE THE RESULT OF AN INFECTION EXAMPLES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES EXAMPLES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES  JUVENILE DIABETES (Type 1)  MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

29. Autoimmune Disease: The video clip

30. AIDS ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME WHAT CAUSES AIDS? WHAT CAUSES AIDS?  CAUSED BY THE HIV VIRUS (Human Immunodificiency Virus)  HIV INFECTS HELPER T-CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DESTROYS THEM  PERSON CAN BE INFECTED W/ HIV FOR YEARS AND NOT KNOW IT  WHEN T-CELL COUNT IS LOW ENOUGH, FULL- BLOWN AIDS IS DECLARED

31. HIV: The Video Clip

32. AIDS: How is it contracted? SHARING INFECTED NEEDLES SHARING INFECTED NEEDLES BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS UNPROTECTED SEX UNPROTECTED SEX

33. AIDS: Effects of Disease AIDS PATIENT MORE SUSECPTIBLE TO OTHER DISEASES B/C IMMUNE SYSTEM DAMAGED AIDS PATIENT MORE SUSECPTIBLE TO OTHER DISEASES B/C IMMUNE SYSTEM DAMAGED PERSON DIES OF “AIDS RELATED SUCH-IN-SUCH” PERSON DIES OF “AIDS RELATED SUCH-IN-SUCH”  EXAMPLE: AIDS RELATED OR INDUCED PNEUMONIA