1. Adipose Tissue III EDDIE SMITHLEAH WAGNER LEAH SANDERSJONATHAN GRIMWOOD FWS

2. Importance of Adipose Tissue  Mechanical cushioning  Provides insulation  Source for energy  Vitamin carrier and hunger suppressor

3. Importance of Adipose Tissue  Mechanical Cushioning:  Surrounds and protects internal organs from damage  Up to 4% of body’s fat is used to protect from damage http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.h tml#distrib

4. Importance of Adipose Tissue  Heat Insulation:  Subcutaneous fat is an important heat insulator  Only conducts 1/3 of heat that other tissues would conduct  Degree of insulation is based on thickness of layers  Too much body fat interferes with temperature regulation  Slows release of heat from body during heat stress http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance 7 th ed. 2010

5. Importance of Adipose Tissue  Source for energy  Provides 80-90% of energy requirements of nourished person at rest  Provides buffer when energy intake is greater than output  Excess calories are stored as fat  Efficient due to hydrophobic property of fat, store less water  9/kcal per gram  Used as a fuel source instead of protein  Provides energy for high intensity and endurance athletes  Primary fuel source for low intensity long duration exercises  For high intensity athletes, fat must be present to fully release energy from carbohydrates http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib

6. Importance of Adipose Tissue  Stores the fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)  Linolenic and Linoleic Acids (Essential fatty acids)  Used for brain development, controlling inflammation, and blood clotting  Keeps hair and skin healthy https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstruction s/000104.htm

7. Importance of Adipose Tissue  Cholesterol:  Plays important part in cell membrane  Helps prevent unwanted molecules out  Hydrophobic property helps keep intracellular and extracellular water in place  Needed to transport fat in blood stream (In all lipoproteins)  Used to form Vitamin D  Precursor for bile acids  Bile acids aid in digestion of fat  Used to make steroid hormones  Sex hormones and cortisol  regulates metabolism http://www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderkooi/chap7- 9.pdf

8. Importance of Adipose Tissue  Suppresses hunger:  Leptin  Made by fat cells  Thin people have less Leptin circulating than heavier people  Obese people have likely built up a resistance to the hormone http://www.webmd.com/diet/your-hunger-hormones

9. Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue  Distribution changes with age  Adipose tissue mass increases through middle-age and declines with older age  Increasing age is associated with intra-abdominal adipose deposition in men and women  Subcutaneous fat is redistributed from beneath the skin to visceral deposits within the abdomen  Older men and women have a smaller percentage of fat consumed stored in subcutaneous fat than younger men and women Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence. 2010

10. Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue  Menopause can increase abdominal storage  Ratio of Subcutaneous fat to intra-abdominal fat higher in women than men  Abdominal circumference in middle age women increases by 2.36cm every year  Onset of menopause accelerates fat accumulation  Body weight increase in women with age more likely to be stored in intra-abdominal area instead of gluteo-femoral area http://www.myhealthywaist.org/the-concept-of-cmr/intra- abdominal-adipose-tissue-the-culprit/causes-and-correlates-of- intra-abdominal-obesity/influence-of- age/page/2/index.html#EbookPage

11. http://www.myhealthy waist.org/documentati on- centre/index.html?no_ cache=1&tx_stdoccen ter_pi1%5Buid%5D=32& tx_stdoccenter_pi1%5B mod_type%5D=5

12. Seven year changes in BMI, waist circumference, and intra- abdominal adipose tissue in pre- menopausal women http://www.myhealthywaist.org/the-concept-of- cmr/intra-abdominal- adipose-tissue-the- culprit/causes-and- correlates-of-intra- abdominal- obesity/influence-of- age/page/4/index.html#Eb ookPage

13. Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue  Humans are born relatively fat  Adiposity rebound (AR): Fat declines around 8-12 months, increases again into adulthood  Children with early AR are more likely to become obese during adulthood  4 and under, BMI 20+ more likely to develop a metabolic syndrome  AR at 6+ more likely to be leaner http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/3/e5.full http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/133/1/e114.full.pdf +html

14. https://www.scienceopen.com/document/vid/5e 7df7f5-7f21-46f3-85a4-b1d0215b9974 Adiposity Rebound Chart

15. Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue  2 main phases of hyperplastic growth of adipocytes  Adipocytes fill up with lipids  Precursor cells stimulated to differentiate creating more adipocytes  Third trimester of pregnancy and during adolescence  Can also occur during adulthood  Once created, adipocytes do not go away  They can shrink as amount of lipids decrease, but adipocytes do not http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/a dipose.html

16. Increasing and Decreasing Adipose Tissue  Increasing:  When caloric intake in more than output, excess calories stored as fat  Overweight/obese people shown to eat more foods with higher fat content than lean people  Can occur with excess carbs or protein being stored as fat  Avoiding exercise will decrease caloric output  Genes have also been shown to influence body size and fat distribution  Environmental factors play much larger role than genetics http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention- source/obesity-causes/genes-and-obesity/ http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.ht ml#distrib

17. Increasing and Decreasing Adipose Tissue  Decreasing:  Creating caloric deficit via caloric restriction  Exercise helps reduce intra-abdominal fat while maintaining skeletal muscle  Losing 5-10% of initial body weight can reduce intra- abdominal fat by 10-30%  Caloric restriction and exercise is more effective than just reducing calories  Healthy diet and regular exercise can help counter gene-related obesity risk http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity- causes/genes-and-obesity/ http://www.myhealthywaist.org/managing- cmr/effects-of-weight-loss-on-adipose-tissue- distribution/