1. Spartan Civilization

11. Spartan Social Structure: Spartiates:Perioeci:Helots:Women:

12. Spartan Social Structure: Spartiates:Perioeci:Helots: Conquered peoples or their descendents Owned by the city-state Treated like slaves Second Messenian War Women

13. Spartan Social Structure: Spartiates:Perioeci:Helots: Revolts Assigned to land (kleros) controlled by Spartiates ½ of production to Spartiates Women

14. Spartan Social Structure: Spartiates:Perioeci:Helots: War officially declared on them each year Culling Women

15. Spartan Social Structure: Spartiates: Homoioi Serve in army Vote Full citizen rights Perioeci:Helots:Women

16. Spartan Social Structure: Spartiates:Perioeci: “neighbors/ outsiders” Freemen Artisans, craftsmen, merchants Could not own land Helots:Women

17. Spartan Social Structure: Spartiates:Perioeci: Could not marry a Spartiate No vote No army foreigners Helots:Women

18. Spartan Social Structure: Spartiates:Perioeci:Helots:Women: Few political rights Manage farms and households More independent

20. Reforms of Lycurgus: iron money instead of gold and silver requirement of eating in commons living (for unmarried men) in rough-hewn barracks destruction of the city walls to promote martial skill

21. Reforms of Lycurgus: re-dividing Spartan land, forcing it to be worked by Helots system of government that divided power between king, Spartan citizens, the gerousia, and the ephors educational system known as the agoge

22. 5 Ephores = guardians yearly elections Council of EldersDouble kingship Apella AgiadeEurypontide Army/Religion 28 plus 2 kings Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai

23. Spartan Government Mixed government: Not a democracy Not a monarchy Not an oligarchy But: It contains elements of all of the above

24. 5 Ephores = guardians yearly elections Council of EldersDouble kingship Apella AgiadeEurypontide Army/Religion 28 plus 2 kings Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai

25. 5 Ephores = guardians yearly elections Council of EldersDouble kingship Apella AgiadeEurypontide Army/Religion Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai 28 plus 2 kings

26. Spartan Government Kings (plural): Two kings at one time – one can always veto the other Hereditary kingship from Agiade and Eurypontide royal families Priestly responsibilities Generals who lead the Spartan army Sit on the gerousia council

27. Spartan Government Kings (plural): Honorary duties: –Judges in many cases –Diplomatic appointments –Seat of honor including a double portion at banquets –Consultation of the Oracle of Delphi –Adoptions, marriages, etc.

28. 5 Ephores = guardians Council of EldersDouble kingship Apella Army/Religion 28 plus 2 kings Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai

29. Spartan Government Apella citizen’s assembly: every 30 year old Spartan male full citizen was entitled to attend the meetings five original villages of Sparta (Limnai, Mesoa, Kynosura, Pitane, and Amyklai) held at the time of each full moon

30. 5 Ephores = guardians Council of EldersDouble kingship Apella AgiadeEurypontide Army/Religion 28 plus 2 kings Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai

31. Spartan Government The Gerousia Spartan senate: Council of Elders consisted of 28 members as well as the two kings members had to be over the age of 60 and were elected for life any Spartan citizen of the right age could stand but in practice members were selected from the most important aristocratic families

32. Spartan Government The Gerousia Spartan senate: Prepared motions, rhetrai, for the citizen assembly, the Apella, to vote on Could veto motions passed by the Apella Consulted by the ephors in matters of interpretation of the law Role of a court to try murder cases - and had the power to condemn, fine, or banish.

33. 5 Ephores = guardians yearly elections Council of EldersDouble kingship Apella AgiadeEurypontide Army/Religion 28 plus 2 kings supervise Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai supervise

34. Spartan Government The Ephors: Most powerful part of Spartan government Elected each year Controlled the agoge, all judges, and Generals of the field Dealt with foreign diplomats

35. Spartan Government The Ephors: Controlled the Krypteria In charge of the apella Could over rule decisions of the apella and gerousia End of the year tried by the people

36. 5 Ephores = guardians Council of EldersDouble kingship Apella AgiadeEurypontide Army/Religion 28 plus 2 kings Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai Farming Helots, not slaves but tied to the land Perioeci: “those around” free but non-citizens