1. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 1 of 35 Acid-Base Theories Bracken Cave, near San Antonio, Texas, is home to twenty to forty million bats. Visitors to the cave must protect themselves from the dangerous levels of ammonia in the cave. Ammonia is a byproduct of the bats’ urine. You will learn why ammonia is considered a base. 19.1

2. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acid-Base Theories > Slide 2 of 35 Acid-Base Theories > > Properties of Acids and Bases What are the properties of acids and bases? 19.1

3. Slide 3 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acid-Base Theories > > > Properties of Acids and Bases Acids Acids taste sour, will change the color of an acid-base indicator, and can be strong or weak electrolytes in aqueous solution. 19.1 Citrus fruits contain citric acid. Tea contains tannic acid.

4. Slide 4 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acid-Base Theories > > > Properties of Acids and Bases Bases Bases taste bitter, feel slippery, will change the color of an acid-base indicator, and can be strong or weak electrolytes in aqueous solution. 19.1 Antacids use bases to neutralize excess stomach acid. The base calcium hydroxide is a component of mortar.

5. Slide 5 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acid-Base Theories > > > Arrhenius Acids and Bases Acids and Bases 3 definitions: Arrhenius Bronsted-Lowry Lewis 19.1

6. Slide 6 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acid-Base Theories > > > > > > Lewis Acids and Bases 19.1

7. Slide 7 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity Hydrogen Ions from Water The reaction in which water molecules produce ions is called the self-ionization of water. 19.2

8. Slide 8 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity Hydrogen Ions from Water In the self-ionization of water, a proton (hydrogen ion) transfers from one water molecule to another water molecule. 19.2

9. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hydrogen Ions and Acidity > Slide 9 of 50 Ion Product Constant for Water How are [H + ] and [OH - ] related in an aqueous solution? 19.2

10. Slide 10 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity Ion Product Constant for Water For aqueous solutions, the product of the hydrogen-ion concentration and the hydroxide-ion concentration equals 1.0  10 -14. Any aqueous solution in which [H + ] and [OH - ] are equal is described as a neutral solution. 19.2

11. Slide 11 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity Ion Product Constant for Water The product of the concentrations of the hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in water is called the ion-product constant for water (K w ). 19.2

12. Slide 12 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity Ion Product Constant for Water An acidic solution is one in which [H + ] is greater than [OH - ]. 19.2

13. Slide 13 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity Ion Product Constant for Water A basic solution is one in which [H + ] is less than [OH  ]. Basic solutions are also known as alkaline solutions. 19.2

14. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hydrogen Ions and Acidity > Slide 14 of 50 The pH Concept How is the hydrogen-ion concentration used to classify a solution as neutral, acidic, or basic? 19.2

15. Slide 15 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity The pH Concept The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration. 19.2

16. Slide 16 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity The pH Concept Calculating pH 19.2

17. Slide 17 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity The pH Concept 19.2

18. Slide 18 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity The pH Concept Calculating pOH 19.2

19. Slide 19 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity The pH Concept pH and Hydrogen ion concentrations 19.2

20. Slide 20 of 50 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Hydrogen Ions and Acidity Measuring pH Universal Indicators 19.2

21. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Strength of Acids and Bases > Slide 21 of 27 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases What determines the strength of an acid? 19.3

22. Slide 22 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Strength of Acids and Bases > Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Strong acids are completely ionized in aqueous solution. Weak acids ionize only slightly in aqueous solution. 19.3

23. Slide 23 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Strength of Acids and Bases > Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Strong bases dissociate completely into metal ions and hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Weak bases react with water to form the hydroxide ion and the conjugate acid of the base. 19.3

24. Slide 24 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Strength of Acids and Bases > Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 19.3