1. TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES
                   
TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES
                                                            

2. TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES
ACTION: Demonstrate an understanding of basic U.S. Army Doctrine and the Troop Leading Procedures IAW FM 7-8.
CONDITIONS: Given FM 7-8, FM 7-10, FM 3-0, FM , several periods of instruction, various training aids, and an example company operations order in a classroom environment.
STANDARDS: Student scores at least 70% (60% for ISTD) on a written exam and receives a “GO” rating on a written assignment (paragraphs I – II and Timeline of a platoon operations order).

3. AGENDA ID Troop Leading Procedures Receive the mission
Initial time analysis, analysis of mission, terrain analysis
Issue the WARNO
Start Mission Analysis (MTETT-C)
Homework
Begin teach on Mission Analysis (MTETT-C), focusing on Receive the Mission and Terrain Analysis.
Have PE(s) for time, mission, and terrain

4. Troop Leading Procedures
1. Receive Mission
2. Issue the Warning Order
3. Make a Tentative Plan
4. Initiate Movement
5. Conduct Reconnaissance
6. Complete the Plan
7. Issue the Order
8. Supervise
Discuss the 8 steps of the TLPs in sequence, but make clear that the sequence is not concrete.
These procedures are the foundations for how Army Leaders plan military operations

5. 1. Receive The Mission
Begins with receipt of initial WARNO, OPORD, or FRAGO.
PLT LDR determines probable mission.
PLT LDR conducts initial time analysis (time available, time to plan, time to execute mission)
The receive-the-mission step is intended to get the planning and preparation process underway by enabling PL to prepare and issue a Warning Order as quickly as possible.
Teach initial time analysis: Time to available, time to plan, time to execute. This is not the Time component of MTETT-C. This is initial time analysis
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FM 7-8 pg 2-4

6. 2. Issue Warning Order Usually given orally. Includes: 1 of 1
Unit’s probable type of operation/mission
PLT LDR’s initial timeline
Any additional information available (specified, implied, mission-essential tasks)
Initial instructions-movement/recon
USES 4 or 5 PARAGRAPH FORMAT
Enables subordinate units to begin the parallel planning process
Highlight the 5 paragraph format
Include as much info as possible
Basically a “heads up” to subordinates
Information is power. Filter as much info to your subordinates up front as possible. It makes your job a little easier later and lets them get going with their planning sooner.
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FM 7-8 pg 2-4

7. Receive Mission, Issue WARNO
Practical Exercise
Talk about the old saying that “A plan only stands up until the first bullet is fired”—Then actions rely on leaders’ understanding of intent
Historical vignette to use is the coastal invasion of Normandy on 6JUN44
Discuss potential situations where the understanding of intent is crucial
-change in enemy COA
-environmental/weather changes
-discovery of non-combatants

8. MTETT-C (Mission Analysis)
3. Make a Tentative Plan
MTETT-C (Mission Analysis)
M ISSION (Analysis of Mission)
T ERRAIN AND WEATHER
E NEMY SITUATION
T ROOPS/RESOURCES AVAILABLE
T IME AVAILABLE
C IVIL CONSIDERATIONS
Discuss how the acronym MTETT-C is just a pneumonic device for memory and not a sequence.
Guides the platoon leader through the analysis phase of the decision making process
Talk about how the “M” in MTETT-C differs from the initial mission analysis done in step 1 of the TLPs
Talk about how the first “T” in MTETT-C differs from the initial time analysis done in step 1 of the TLPs
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9. Analysis of Mission Identify Purpose (the Why)
Commanders Mission, Concept & Intent 1 & 2 Levels Up
Specified, Implied Tasks
Constraints (Require Action vs. Prohibit Action)
Identify Mission Essential Task
Risk Assessment
Students must understand:
Intent --what commander wants to achieve with respect to enemy, terrain, and desired endstate—the link between Mission Statement and Concept
Concept—Commander’s vision of how he pictures the operation
Specified Task—Task assigned in OPORD
Implied Task—Task inferred from OPORD. Required to achieve a specified task
Essential Task—Task that must be accomplished for Higher to achieve purpose
They must also understand that we look both 1 and 2 levels up
Results in the Restated
Mission
FM 7-10, pg 2-16

10. Mission Statement
A clear, concise statement of the mission essential task to be accomplished and purpose to be achieved by the unit
Focus for the remainder of the decision making process
Answers the who, what (operation to be conducted and tactical task), when, where, and why (purpose) of the mission
Discuss the 5 components to a Mission Statement
This is where task and purpose and form of maneuver (type of operation) come into play
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FM 7-8 p. 2-5

11. 4 of 9 PURPOSE PREVENT SURPRISE IDENTIFY DIVERT CAUSE FIND
ENABLE PROTECT PROVIDE EARLY
DECEIVE ALLOW WARNING
INFLUENCE CREATE OBSERVE
OPEN SUPPORT
ENVELOP DENY
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12. Mission Statement Example
3/B/2-11 INF attacks to destroy enemy on OBJ BEAR (GL123456) NLT JUL05 in order to prevent enemy counterattack into company AO
The 5 Ws are highlighted above
Have PE prepared to allow students to identify the form of maneuver, task, purpose
Have students develop several Mission Statements and have several read aloud for critique
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13. Commander’s Intent
A clear, concise statement of what the unit must do to succeed with respect to terrain, the enemy, and the desired endstate (friendly disposition).
PLs do not have intent – they issue key tasks
Intent provides the link between the mission and the concept of the operation
Can/do platoon leaders have Intent?
No. Command is relegated to Command Positions. However, PLs must understand it so that they can decipher and act IAW higher’s intent both 1 and 2 levels up
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FM 7-10 pgs

14. Commander’s Intent EXAMPLE
- Identify and destroy all enemy command and control elements
- Control intersection of Victory Drive and I-185
- Company prepared to resume offensive operations NLT MAY05
Discuss endstate with this example and how it relates to intent
Talk about how Specified (Key) tasks are outlined in intent.
Ask students for other possible examples of commander’s intent
Ensure that they understand that they do not issue Intent as platoon leaders
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15. Commander’s Intent
INTENT ALLOWS SUBORDINATES TO EXERCISE INITIATIVE TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED PURPOSE IF…
C2 is lost or interrupted
The plan becomes unfeasible/invalid
Conditions on the battlefield change
Purpose can be achieved in a more beneficial manner .
Talk about the old saying that “A plan only stands up until the first bullet is fired”—Then actions rely on leaders’ understanding of intent
Historical vignette to use is the coastal invasion of Normandy on 6JUN44
Discuss potential situations where the understanding of intent is crucial
-change in enemy COA
-environmental/weather changes
-discovery of non-combatants
8 of 9

16. Commander’s Intent .
Talk about the old saying that “A plan only stands up until the first bullet is fired”—Then actions rely on leaders’ understanding of intent
Historical vignette to use is the coastal invasion of Normandy on 6JUN44
Discuss potential situations where the understanding of intent is crucial
-change in enemy COA
-environmental/weather changes
-discovery of non-combatants
8 of 9

17. Analysis of Mission
Understand assigned tasks: both specified and implied (to include your Mission Essential Task)
Understand the constraints and limitations that affect your mission (those that require action or those that prohibit action)
Finish your Analysis of Mission by doing an initial Risk Assessment to identify tactical and/or accidental risks .
Talk about the old saying that “A plan only stands up until the first bullet is fired”—Then actions rely on leaders’ understanding of intent
Historical vignette to use is the coastal invasion of Normandy on 6JUN44
Discuss potential situations where the understanding of intent is crucial
-change in enemy COA
-environmental/weather changes
-discovery of non-combatants
9 of 9

18. Practical Exercise Analysis of Mission
Talk about the old saying that “A plan only stands up until the first bullet is fired”—Then actions rely on leaders’ understanding of intent
Historical vignette to use is the coastal invasion of Normandy on 6JUN44
Discuss potential situations where the understanding of intent is crucial
-change in enemy COA
-environmental/weather changes
-discovery of non-combatants

19. MTETT-C (Mission Analysis)
3. Make a Tentative Plan
MTETT-C (Mission Analysis)
M ISSION
T ERRAIN AND WEATHER
E NEMY SITUATION
T ROOPS/RESOURCES AVAILABLE
T IME AVAILABLE
C IVIL CONSIDERATIONS
Discuss how the acronym MTETT-C is just a pneumonic device for memory and not a sequence.
Guides the platoon leader through the analysis phase of the decision making process
Talk about how the “M” in MTETT-C differs from the initial mission analysis done in step 1 of the TLPs
Talk about how the first “T” in MTETT-C differs from the initial time analysis done in step 1 of the TLPs
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20. Terrain Analysis
This slide transitions us to the second part of Mission Analysis (MTETT-C), Terrain and Weather
Listed above are the 5 aspects of terrain relating to military operations
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21. Terrain Analysis O bstacles A venues of Approach K ey Terrain
O bservation and Fields of Fire
C over and Concealment
This slide transitions us to the second part of Mission Analysis (MTETT-C), Terrain and Weather
Listed above are the 5 aspects of terrain relating to military operations
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22. Terrain Analysis Obstacles
Any natural or manmade obstruction that canalizes, delays, stops, restricts, or diverts movement.
Classified as existing and reinforcing.
Existing obstacles are classified as natural or man-made
Reinforcing obstacles are classified as tactical or protective
Examples of natural obstacles (canyon, lake, river, mountains, dense forests
Examples of man-made obstacles (built up areas, road networks)
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FM 7-10 pgs

23. Terrain Analysis Existing Obstacles
Natural obstacles involve terrain, topography, and/or physical characteristics that affect or impede movement
Man-made obstacles involve human influence to affect or impede maneuver or arrangement
Examples of tactical obstacles (minefields, airfield cratering, abatis, tetrahedrons
Examples of protective obstacles (wire, AP minefields, hasty minefields)
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FM 7-10 pgs

24. Terrain Analysis Reinforcing Obstacles
Tactical Obstacles: Those obstacles employed to disrupt enemy formations, to turn them into a desired area, to fix them in position under direct and indirect fires, or to block enemy penetrations.
Protective Obstacles: Obstacles employed to assist a unit in its local, close-in protection.
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FM 7-10 pgs

25. Tactical Obstacle Effects
Terrain Analysis
Tactical Obstacle Effects
Fix
Disrupt
Turn
Block

26. Terrain Analysis Avenues of Approach
An air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path.
Mobility Corridor - Areas where a force will be canalized due to terrain restrictions. They allow military forces to capitalize on mass and tempo .
Avenues of Approach are a series of Mobility Corridors that are mutually supporting and linked together.
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FM 7-10 pgs

27. DOCTRINAL CORRIDOR WIDTHV E N U O F A P R O C H MC
OBJ MC MC
BN = 1-1.5KM
CO = M
PLT = M
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28. Terrain Analysis Key Terrain
Any locality or area where the seizure, retention, or control of affords a marked advantage to either combatant.
Examples:
Terrain with good observation over AAs
Terrain providing cover of an obstacle
Road junctions
Dominant high ground
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FM 7-10 pgs

29. Observation and Fields of Fire
Terrain Analysis
Observation and Fields of Fire
Observation is the area which one can see from a given position.
Fields of Fire is the area which a weapon or group of weapons may cover effectively with fire from a given position.
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FM 7-10 pgs

30. Terrain Analysis Cover and Concealment
Cover is protection from the effects of direct and indirect fires.
Concealment is protection from observation.
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FM 7-10 pgs

31. Classification of Terrain
Terrain Analysis
Classification of Terrain •
UNRESTRICTED
: INDICATES TERRAIN FREE OF
CONSTRAINTS TO MOVEMENT. NOTHING NEEDS TO BE
DONE TO ENHANCE MOBILITY.
RESTRICTED
: HINDERS MOVEMENT TO SOME DEGREE.
LITTLE EFFORT IS NEEDED TO ENHANCE MOVEMENT BUT
UNITS CAN NOT MOVE AT PREFERRED SPEEDS OR COMBAT
FORMATIONS.
SEVERELY RESTRICTED
: HINDERS OR SLOWS MOVEMENT
IN COMBAT FORMATION UNLESS SOME EFFORT IS MADE TO
ENHANCE MOBILITY (I.E.... ENGINEER ASSETS).
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32. Classification of Terrain
Terrain Analysis
Classification of Terrain
How would the classifications of Severely Restricted, Restricted, and Unrestricted terrain differ for mechanized forces and light forces?
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33. Terrain Analysis Considerations Seasonal effects Vegetation Drainage
Soil Composition
Intervisibility Lines (IVLs)
Cultural/Religious Obstacles (landmarks)
Slope
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34. Practical Exercise Terrain Analysis
Talk about the old saying that “A plan only stands up until the first bullet is fired”—Then actions rely on leaders’ understanding of intent
Historical vignette to use is the coastal invasion of Normandy on 6JUN44
Discuss potential situations where the understanding of intent is crucial
-change in enemy COA
-environmental/weather changes
-discovery of non-combatants

35. GTO (Graphical Terrain Overlay)

36. Light/Weather Analysis
1. Visibility
2. Wind
Precipitation
Cloud Cover/Ceiling
Temperature and Humidity
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37. Weather Analysis Visibility Low visibility generally favors attacker
Must analyze light data, particularly lunar data
Limits employment of aircraft, aerial sensors, airborne forces
May canalize attacking forces onto well defined Avenues of Approach
BMNT, SR, EENT, SS, MR, MS, %Illum
FM , pg 23: Visibility
Visibility: Low visibility is beneficial to offensive and retrograde operations. In the offense, it conceals the concentration of maneuver forces, thus enhancing the possibility of achieving surprise. Low visibility hinders the defense because cohesion and control become difficult to maintain, R&S are impeded, and target acquisition is less accurate.
When evaluating visibility, consider the effects of all aspects of the weather. For example, temperature conditions can have either an adverse or beneficial effect on the use of modern thermal sights. Cloud cover can negate the illumination provided by the moon. Precipitation and other obscurants can also have varying effects.
A major factor in evaluating visibility is the amount of available light. Consider the phase of the moon as well as the times associated with--
Beginning morning nautical twilight (BMNT).
Sunrise.
Sunset.
End evening nautical twilight (EENT).
Moonrise.
Moonset.
FM , pg 2-23

38. Weather Analysis Wind Speed and direction
Offensive and Defensive considerations
Impact on smoke/NBC operations
FM , pg 23: Visibility
Visibility: Low visibility is beneficial to offensive and retrograde operations. In the offense, it conceals the concentration of maneuver forces, thus enhancing the possibility of achieving surprise. Low visibility hinders the defense because cohesion and control become difficult to maintain, R&S are impeded, and target acquisition is less accurate.
When evaluating visibility, consider the effects of all aspects of the weather. For example, temperature conditions can have either an adverse or beneficial effect on the use of modern thermal sights. Cloud cover can negate the illumination provided by the moon. Precipitation and other obscurants can also have varying effects.
A major factor in evaluating visibility is the amount of available light. Consider the phase of the moon as well as the times associated with--
Beginning morning nautical twilight (BMNT).
Sunrise.
Sunset.
End evening nautical twilight (EENT).
Moonrise.
Moonset.
3 of 6
FM , pg 2-23

39. Weather Analysis Precipitation
Impact of rain and snow on troops, operation, movement
Effects on weapons and equipment
Effects on mobility and trafficability
FM , pg 23: Visibility
Visibility: Low visibility is beneficial to offensive and retrograde operations. In the offense, it conceals the concentration of maneuver forces, thus enhancing the possibility of achieving surprise. Low visibility hinders the defense because cohesion and control become difficult to maintain, R&S are impeded, and target acquisition is less accurate.
When evaluating visibility, consider the effects of all aspects of the weather. For example, temperature conditions can have either an adverse or beneficial effect on the use of modern thermal sights. Cloud cover can negate the illumination provided by the moon. Precipitation and other obscurants can also have varying effects.
A major factor in evaluating visibility is the amount of available light. Consider the phase of the moon as well as the times associated with--
Beginning morning nautical twilight (BMNT).
Sunrise.
Sunset.
End evening nautical twilight (EENT).
Moonrise.
Moonset.
4 of 6
FM , pg 2-23

40. Weather Analysis Cloud Cover/Ceiling Influence on air operations
Directly affects visibility
Influence on temperature
FM , pg 23: Visibility
Visibility: Low visibility is beneficial to offensive and retrograde operations. In the offense, it conceals the concentration of maneuver forces, thus enhancing the possibility of achieving surprise. Low visibility hinders the defense because cohesion and control become difficult to maintain, R&S are impeded, and target acquisition is less accurate.
When evaluating visibility, consider the effects of all aspects of the weather. For example, temperature conditions can have either an adverse or beneficial effect on the use of modern thermal sights. Cloud cover can negate the illumination provided by the moon. Precipitation and other obscurants can also have varying effects.
A major factor in evaluating visibility is the amount of available light. Consider the phase of the moon as well as the times associated with--
Beginning morning nautical twilight (BMNT).
Sunrise.
Sunset.
End evening nautical twilight (EENT).
Moonrise.
Moonset.
5 of 6
FM , pg 2-23

41. Weather Analysis Temperature and Humidity
Performance of men, weapons, and equipment
Effects on the operation/mission
Humidity and effects on visibility
FM , pg 23: Visibility
Visibility: Low visibility is beneficial to offensive and retrograde operations. In the offense, it conceals the concentration of maneuver forces, thus enhancing the possibility of achieving surprise. Low visibility hinders the defense because cohesion and control become difficult to maintain, R&S are impeded, and target acquisition is less accurate.
When evaluating visibility, consider the effects of all aspects of the weather. For example, temperature conditions can have either an adverse or beneficial effect on the use of modern thermal sights. Cloud cover can negate the illumination provided by the moon. Precipitation and other obscurants can also have varying effects.
A major factor in evaluating visibility is the amount of available light. Consider the phase of the moon as well as the times associated with--
Beginning morning nautical twilight (BMNT).
Sunrise.
Sunset.
End evening nautical twilight (EENT).
Moonrise.
Moonset.
6 of 6
FM , pg 2-23

42. Summary Receive the Mission Issue WARNO (4 or 5 paragraph format)
Determine Platoon’s Mission (Task, Purpose)
Conduct initial time analysis (to plan and to execute)
Issue WARNO (4 or 5 paragraph format)
First two steps of MTETT-C (Mission Analysis)
Analysis of mission
Analysis of terrain/weather

43. HOMEWORK Study for Quiz 1 (review reading from advance sheet)
Complete WARNO
Complete Analysis of Mission worksheet
Terrain overlay (GTO), terrain description (OAKOC matrix), and weather
Complete take-home graphics quiz