1. Plant Structure And Growth

2. The Plant Body is Composed of Cells and Tissues l Tissue systems l made up of tissues l made up of cells

3. Plant Tissue Systems l Ground Tissue System Ô photosynthesis Ô storage Ô support l Vascular Tissue System Ô conduction Ô support l Dermal Tissue System Ô Covering

4. Ground Tissue System l Parenchyma Tissue l Collenchyma Tissue l Sclerenchyma Tissue

5. Parenchyma Tissue l Made up of Parenchyma Cells l Living Cells l Primary Walls l Functions l photosynthesis l storage

6. Collenchyma Tissue l Made up of Collenchyma Cells l Living Cells l Primary Walls are thickened l Function l Support

7. Sclerenchyma Tissue l Made up of Sclerenchyma Cells l Usually Dead l Primary Walls and secondary walls that are thickened (lignin) l Fibers or Sclerids l Function l Support

8. Vascular Tissue System l Xylem l Tracheids l Vessel Elements l Phloem l Sieve-tube Members l Companion Cells

9. Xylem l Tracheids l dead at maturity l pits - water moves through pits from cell to cell l Vessel Elements l dead at maturity l perforations - water moves directly from cell to cell

10. Phloem l Sieve-tube Members l alive at maturity l lack nucleus l Sieve plates - on end to transport food l Companion Cells l alive at maturity l helps control sieve- tube member cell

11. Dermal Tissue System l Epidermis l complex tissue l usually transparent l secretes cuticle l Periderm l replaces epidermis in woody plants l protection

12. Plant Systems l Root System l Tap Root l Lateral Roots l Shoot System l Stems l Nodes l Internodes l Leaves l blades l petioles l Buds l Terminal (apical) l Axillary

13. Plant Growth l Meristematic Tissue l generates cells for new growth l apical meristems l lateral meristems

14. Apical Meristems l increases length called primary growth l Protoderm - gives rise to dermal tissue l Ground Meristem - gives rise to ground tissue l Procambium - gives rise to vascular tissue

15. Lateral Meristems l increases girth called secondary growth l Vascular Cambium - produces secondary xylem and phloem l Cork Cambium - produces cork

17. The Root System l Functions l anchor plant l absorb minerals, water and nutrients l store food l Systems l taproots - one large root with smaller lateral roots (dicots) l fibrous roots - threadlike roots (monocots)

18. Root Structure l Four Regions l Root Cap - protection l Region of Cell Division - new cells l Region of Elongation - cells get longer l Region of Maturation - cells begin to specialize

19. Root Tissue l Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis l Procambium - gives rise to the stele l xylem and phloem l may include pith l Ground Meristem l Cortex

20. Monocot vs. Dicot Root

21. Monocot Root (inside to outside) l Pith l Xylem l transport water l Phloem l transport food l Pericycle l dividing cells l Endodermis l Casparian Strip made of suberin to regulate water and minerals l Passage Cells to allow water to pass through l Cortex l storage l Epidermis l protection

22. Dicot Root (inside to outside) l Xylem l transport water l Phloem l transport food l Pericycle l dividing cells l Endodermis l Casparian Strip made of suberin to regulate water and minerals l Passage Cells to allow water to pass through l Cortex l storage l Epidermis l protection

23. Modified Roots l Food Storage l carrots, sweet potatoes, yams

24. Modified Roots l Water Storage l manroot, pumpkin family

25. Modified Roots l Propagative Roots which produce adventious buds l cherries, pears

26. Modified Roots l Pnematophores l Prop Roots l mangroves

27. Modified Roots l Aerial Roots l orchids, ivies

28. Modified Roots l Buttress Roots l tropical trees

29. Modified Roots l Haustoria l dodder

30. Shoot System

31. The Shoot System l Made up of Stems, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits l Stems - support, conduction, growth l Leaves - photosynthesis l Flowers - pollination l Fruits - seed protection, dispersal

32. Stems (Primary Growth) l Protoderm - gives rise to the epidermis l Procambium - gives rise to the stele l xylem and phloem in vascular bundles l dicots - found in ring l monocots - scattered throughout l includes pith in dicots l Ground Meristem l Cortex

33. Vascular Bundle

34. Monocot vs. Dicot Stem

35. Monocot Stem (Inside to Outside) l Ground Tissue l Vascular Bundles l Xylem l Phloem l Fibers l Cortex l Epidermis

36. Dicot Stem (Inside to Outside) l Pith l Vascular Bundles l Xylem l Phloem l Fibers l Cortex l Epidermis

37. Stems (Secondary Growth) l Occurs to increase girth (thickness) l Vascular Cambium l produces secondary xylem and phloem l Cork Cambium l produces cork and phelloderm l together these structures are called periderm

38. Secondary Growth

40. Secondary Growth of a Stem

41. Secondary Growth of a Stem (Inside to Outside) l Pith l Primary Xylem l Secondary Xylem (wood) l Vascular Cambium l Secondary Phloem l Primary Phloem l Cortex l Phelloderm l Cork Cambium l Cork

43. Modified Stems l Stolons - horizontal stems above the ground

44. Modified Stems l Rhizomes - horizontal stems below the ground

45. Modified Stems l Tubers - swollen areas of rhizomes

46. Modified Stems l Bulbs & Corms - vertical shoots under the ground

47. Modified Stems l Cladophylls - cactus pads

48. Leaf Structure l Simple leaf l Compound leaf l Double Compound leaf

49. Leaf Structure

50. Leaves l Epidermis l Stomata - openings on underside of leaf l Guard Cells - surround stomata l Cuticle - waxy coating excreted by epidermis l Mesophyll - middle of leaf l Palisade layer - photosynthesis l Spongy layer - gas exchange

51. Modified Leaves l Needles - reduce water loss

52. Modified Leaves l Tendrils - long thin leaves for clinging

53. Modified Leaves l Spines - protection

54. Modified Leaves l Succulents – water storage