1. Cognitive processes perception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity – problem solving Jakub Jura Jakub.jura@fs.cvut.cz http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jura/ing-psych/ Engineering Psychology

2. What is Cognitive? From latin cognoscere = getting to know Distinguish emotional and rational Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“. Mental processes mediate between stimulus and response.

3. Cognitive processes Base Cognitive processes: – Perception – Sensation – Attention – Thinking – Imagination – Memory – Learning Advanced Cognitive processes – Creativity – Problem solving

4. Sensation Sensation is about sense organ and basic processes on this level. Perception is about creating whole percept.

5. Sensation PerceptionPerceptSence Organ Visual PerceptionImageEye Auditive PerceptionSoundEar Gustatory PerceptionTasteTaste Buds Olfactory PerceptionSmellNose Haptic PerceptionTouch on skinNociceptors ProprioceptionBody positionProprioceptor Human FeromonAffection / antipathy Vomero-Nasal Organ MagnetoceptionImpression of north Unknown

6. Sensation Delusions Mach’s Strips Lateral Inhibition Efect

7. Negative afterimage

8. Perception Perception is perception of diference. Sensuals limits Gestalt law Multistable figures Invariance in perception Weber–Fechner law

9. Perception Delusionss Which of these circles is bigger?

10. Perception Delusionss Effect of Contrast Lighter Darker

11. Perception Delusionss

13. Is anything here?

14. Gestalt Laws Proximity –We tend to group nearby objects. Similarity –We tend to group objects with similar properties Closure –We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we sometimes close things that aren't.

15. Gestalt Laws Good Continuation –We tend to assign objects to an entity that is defined by smooth lines or curves Pregnantz –We tend to good shape

16. Experiment 2

17. Multistable perception Mind separate figure and backgroun. Unstably between two or more alternative interpretations. Since you see both, you can’t see both. Changing may be under control only partially.

18. Invariance in perception Objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, scale, elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features.

19. Neisser's cycle of perception Cognitive Ecology Object available information Schema of environment Exploration Directs Samples Modify Actual world Cognitive map Locomotion and action

20. Weber–Fechner Law Psychophysics Ernest Heinrich Weber (1795–1878) Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) Stimulus  Percept Stimulus  Sensation  Percept

21. Weber Just noticeable difference (jnd) between two weights was approximately proportional to the mass of the weights  P = k * (  S/S) –P … percept –k … constant –S … stimulus

22. Experiment 1 Dependence of sense impression on the intensity of stimulus Sensum Impresion 1.Sound 2.Light Procedure: a)Set intensity to basic level (L) b)Increase intensity up to one degree (L+1) c)Remember this degree and set intensity up to L+2, L+3, … L+n

23. Weber–Fechner Law  P = k * (  S/S) dP = k * dS/S, P = k * ln (S/S 0 ) –P … percept –k … constant –S … stimulus –S 0 … lower possible stimulus

24. Weber - Fechner