1. Transformations Around the Globe
Ch 28

2. China Resists Outside Influence
Sec 1

3. Chinese Resistance to the West
Out of cultural pride, the Chinese looked down on all foreigners
In 1793, the Qing emperor agreed to receive an ambassador from England
The Englishman brought all kinds of gifts like clocks, musical instruments and even a hot-air balloon but the emperor was not interested
The Chinese had everything they needed

4. Chinese Self-sufficiency
China was able to reject the west because they were largely self-sufficient
China’s agricultural economy was healthy enough to feed their large population
Quick growing strains of rice grew throughout the southern part of the country
Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts introduced by the Spanish and Portuguese increased productivity of the land

6. Other Resources
Other resources included an extensive mining and manufacturing industry
Salt, tin, silver and iron mines produced great quantities of ore
The Chinese also produced beautiful silks, cotton, and fine porcelain

9. Opium
Because of their self-sufficiency, the Chinese had little interest in trading with the West
European merchants who had been looking for a product to sell the Chinese began selling opium, a highly addictive drug made from the poppy plant

11. Where is most of the opium in the world grown today?

14. Opium
Chinese doctors had been using opium to relieve pain for hundreds of years
In the late 1700s English merchants began smuggling the drug in for nonmedical use
By 1835, there were as many as 12 million Chinese people addicted to opium

19. The Opium War
The Qing emperor pleaded with Queen Victoria to stop the opium trade but Britain refused
The Opium War- conflict between Britain and China lasting from over Britain’s opium trade in China

22. Effects of Opium War Humiliating defeat for the Chinese
Treaty if Nanjing
Britain gained the island of Hong Kong
Extraterritorial Rights- foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at 5 Chinese ports

24. Internal Problems Population- by 1850, China had 430 million people
Food production- not keeping up with population growth
Opium addiction grew as problems increased
People began to challenge the Qing Dynasty

25. The Taiping Rebellion
Taiping Rebellion- mid 19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty
The rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan
Hong raised an army of nearly 1 million and took control of large parts of southeastern China before the rebellion failed
20-40 million people were killed

26. Sphere of Influence
As China weakened many foreign nations took advantage and attacked
After each conflict treaties gave more economic control to each nation
Sphere of Influence- area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment

27. Map

28. Open Door Policy
The US was afraid that other countries would soon divide China into formal colonies and they would be left out
Open Door Policy- policy proposed by the US in 1899 under which all nations would have an equal chance to trade

30. Rise of Chinese Nationalism
Humiliated by their losses, many Chinese pressed for strong reforms
Qing officials saw this as a threat to their power and reversed any reforms

31. Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion- a 1900 revolt in China, nationalist movement aimed at ending foreign influence in the country
Poor peasants and workers resented the special privileges given to foreigners
Secret group called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists or Boxers

32. Boxer Rebellion
In the Spring of 1900 the Boxers descended on Beijing shouting “Death to foreign devils”
The surrounded the European section of the city for several months but were eventually defeated by an multinational force

35. Effects of the Boxer Rebellion
The rebellion failed but a strong sense of nationalism grew amongst the people in China
The government finally realized they needed to reform

36. Modernization in Japan
Sec 2

37. What was the Japanese feudal system?

38. Background
In the early 17th century Japan shut itself off completely from other nations
Under the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns, society was very tightly ordered
Shogun parceled out land to daimyos
Peasants worked for and lived under the protection of the daimyo and his samurais

39. Demand for Foreign Trade
Like China, Japan repeatedly refused to trade with the West
In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry took 4 ships into Tokyo Harbor
Perry brought a letter from President Fillmore, politely asking for trade with Japan
Perry said he would be back in a year with a larger fleet for the reply

40. Perry’s Ships

41. Treaty of Kanagawa
Treaty of Kanagawa- opened two Japanese ports to the US in 1854
Important because it opened the door for other countries as well

42. Meiji Restoration
Meiji Restoration- period of modernization and industrialization in Japan
The Meiji Emperor realized that the best way to counter western influence was to modernize
The Japanese then chose what they thought to be the best that Western civilization had to offer and adapted it to their own country

44. Germany
From Germany, the Japanese took their strong centralized government and strong army
Used the German constitution as a model for their own

45. Britain
From Britain the Japanese imitated the skill of their navy

46. United States
From the United States the Japanese imitated the public education system
Teachings included foreign experts
Students also went abroad to study

47. Industrialization
Japanese economy quickly became as modern as any in the West
Built thousands of miles of railroads
Coal production
Large state supported companies built thousands of factories

48. What is the geography of Japan like?

50. Imperial Japan
As Japan grew more powerful, their feeling of strength and equality with Western nations grew
As they grew stronger they became more imperialistic

51. Sino-Japanese War
In 1876, Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for trade
In 1894, China sent troops to Korea to stop a rebellion
Japan saw this as a threat and attacked China

56. Effects of the Sino-Japanese War
The Sino-Japanese War gave Japan a foothold in Manchuria and its first colonies
Japan emerge as a major power in East Asia

57. Why do you think modern China is an ally with North Korea?

59. Russo-Japanese War 2 majors powers in East Asia were Russia and Japan
They both competed over resources in Manchuria
When the Russians refused to stay out of Korea the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet

66. Port Arthur

76. Effects of the Russo-Japanese War
Russian fleet was destroyed
Japan gained more territory
Humiliating defeat for Russia
Russian Revolution
Occupation of Korea

77. Occupation of Korea
Japan grabbed more and more power in Korea until they finally annexed it in 1907
Brutal rulers
Shut down Korean newspapers and schools
Replaced Korean studies with Japanese history
Took land from Koreans to give to Japanese settlers
Forbid Koreans to go into business

78. Why was the Russo-Japanese war so surprising to the rest of the world?

82. What are the long term effects of the Meiji Restoration?

83. US Economic Imperialism

84. How did the Meiji Restoration lead to Japanese imperialism?
Warm Up:
How did the Meiji Restoration lead to Japanese imperialism?

85. Latin America after Independence
New nations were in shambles
Cities were destroyed
Farms had been neglected
Political independence meant little for most Latin Americans

86. Colonial Legacy Rich got richer, poor got poorer
Rich landowners controlled all the land
Many army leaders that led the independence movement continued to assert their power
Caudillos- military dictators

87. Caudillos
Faced little opposition
No experience with democracy

88. Economy Latin American economies grew as technology developed
Refrigeration
Foreign nations benefited far more from trade than Latin America did
Remained largely unindustrialized

89. Outside Investment
Latin American nations did not use their export money to build roads, hospitals, or schools
Often borrowed money with high interest rates to fund their export facilities
When they couldn’t pay foreign companies took over the industries

90. Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine- document issued by James Monroe stating that Latin America is not to be considered as subjects for colonization
Warning for Europe to stay out of the Americas

91. Spanish-American War
Spanish American War war in which the United States gained the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba from Spain

92. Panama Canal Panama was a province of Colombia
When Colombia refused to sell the canal zone, the US supported a revolution in Panama
The Panamanians won their independence and gave a 10 mile wide strip of the country to the US in gratitude

94. Panama Canal
Panama Canal- allows sea transport between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, opened in 1914

95. Importance of the Canal
Latin America became a crossroads of the world
United States controlled the tollgate

96. Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt Corollary- gave the United States the right to be an international police power

97. Turmoil and Change in Mexico

98. Santa Anna
During the 1800s, Mexican politics was dominated by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

99. Texas In the 1820s, Mexico encourage Americans to move into Texas
In 1835, Stephen Austin encouraged Texans to revolt after Mexico would not grant them greater self-government
Texas gained independence after the Alamo and Sam Houston’s victory at the Battle of San Jacinto

100. Benito Juarez
After the fall of Santa Anna, social reformer, Benito Juarez came to power
La Reforma- Juarez’s plan to redistribute land and increase education for the poor

101. Porfirio Diaz
After Juarez’s death in 1872, a new caudillo, Porfirio Diaz came to power and essentially ended the reforms

102. Revolution
In the early 1900s, Mexicans began to protest Diaz’s harsh rule
Mexico’s revolution began in different parts of Mexico
Leaders like Francisco Madero supported democratic reforms

103. Pancho Villa
In northern Mexico, Panco Villa used his private army to lead Robin Hood style attacks against the rich giving their money to the poor

104. Emiliano Zapata
In southern Mexico, Emiliano Zapata, raised a powerful army to return land to peasants and small farmers