1. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Chapter 18 Presidential Power and Foreign Policy Lecture 14

2. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Korean Political Information “Lame Duck” in Korean- 재선 불출마 · 낙선으로 퇴임을 눈 앞에 둔 선거직 관리 [ 대통령, 의원 등 ] Korea Gallup's website, http://www.gallup.co.kr/. Also, the East Asian Institute (http://eai.or.kr) regularly conducts interesting public surveys.http://www.gallup.co.kr/. http://eai.or.kr)

3. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Presidential Discretionary Powers Executive orders to the bureaucracy. May be challenged in Congress but do not require prior approval. Used more frequently in recent years. Example: “Gag rule” prohibits providing information on abortion by international family planning agencies Signing statements: message given when the president signs a Congressional bill into law. Expresses his own interpretation of the bill. Example: President Bush signed McCain bill against use of torture but stated that he may permit torture if national security is at stake. International executive agreements: unlike treaties, do not require approval of 2/3 of Senate, Examples: Yalta, Potsdam, SALT I

4. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 1798–1941 The Isolationist Era 1942–1989 The Era of Globalism 1990–2001 Post-Cold War 2001- War against terrorism U.S. Foreign Policy

5. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Isolationism A foreign policy built on the principle of avoiding formal military and political alliances with other countries. 18-1a The Isolationist Era

6. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 The Monroe Doctrine A basic principle of U.S. foreign policy that dates back to a warning President James Monroe issued in 1823: the United States would resist any European efforts to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

7. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Globalism The idea that the United States should be prepared to use military force around the globe to defend its political and economic interests. 18-1b The Global Era

8. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 A policy, announced by President Truman in 1947, that the United States would oppose communist attempts to overthrow or conquer non-communist countries. Truman Doctrine

9. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Cold War Military Alliances

10. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 A bedrock principle of U.S. foreign policy from the 1940s to the 1980s. Efforts to to prevent communist countries, especially the Soviet Union, from expanding the territory they controlled. Examples: Greece, Korea, Germany, Viet Nam, Cuba Containment

11. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 A policy the Nixon administration followed to develop more cordial relations with the Soviet Union. Detente

12. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 American Public Congress Foreign Policy Bureaucracies White House Staff President

13. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Foreign Policy Power

14. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Created in 1947 Members include the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the director of the CIA, and Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The staff is led by the National Security Advisor National Security Council (NSC)

15. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 18-3b The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy Defense Department State Department CIA NSC

16. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Extent of influence of a group depends on: -External factors -Group characteristics -Opposition groups Foreign policy does not have much electoral influence Policy makers often ignore public opinion Public often lacks knowledge Public is often apathetic 18-3b The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

17. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Bureaucratic Failure: The Bay of Pigs, Cuba, 1961 Military chiefs promised a quick low-cost victory to drive Communists out of Cuba Inexperienced President Kennedy did not challenge their assessments Intelligence failure: a popular uprising of Cubans against Castro was expected, but most Cubans supported Castro Military disaster led to Kennedy public apology Castro is still in power

18. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Bureaucratic Success? The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1963 Kennedy assembled a broad range of expert advisors Challenge and dissent was encouraged to avoid “groupthink” – social pressure to agree Multiple sources of intelligence were used Outreach to disparate groups within the Soviet Union to avoid war Cautious approach: blockade not invasion, to keep options open Bargain with USSR: Castro would stay in power but nuclear missiles would be withdrawn from both Cuba and Turkey

19. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 The Constitution assigns Congress considerable influence in foreign policy, including the power to declare war During the 1950s and 1960s Congress typically deferred to the Executive Branch During 1970s and 1980s Congressional activism in foreign policy grew Congressional deference to President increased after 9/11 attacks 18-3c Congress

20. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 War Powers Act of 1973 Attempt by Congress to restrain Presidential activism in foreign policy Reaction to problems of the war in Viet Nam: the Tonkin Gulf resolution, Nixon’s secret bombing of Laos and Cambodia Requires Congress to approve any American use of troops abroad within 60-90 days Requires detailed reporting to Congress of foreign policy actions by the President Passed over Nixon’s veto; opposed by every president since Jimmy Carter (1977-) regardless of political party

21. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Limits on Foreign Policy Role of Congress Unable to act swiftly in an emergency Lack of access to current intelligence (the president’s daily intelligence briefing is highly classified) Partisan conflicts over foreign policy goals Both parties tend to support the president after military action is initiated Politically, it is difficult to withhold funds from the military in order to stop presidential foreign actions

22. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Disagreements about the goals and strategies of American foreign policy A changing foreign policy agenda Unilateral versus multilateral action: Role of the United Nations, European Union, G-8, etc. Bush’s doctrine of preemptive war Future Challenges to U.S. Foreign Policy

23. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 The preemptive war debate It would violate the traditional American “no first strike” principle It requires accurate intelligence as to enemy capabilities and intentions Intelligence failures: Clinton bombing of the factory in Sudan. No WMDs found in Iraq It would require unilateral action by the US It could prevent a terrorist or nuclear attack It would greatly expand presidential power

24. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 The United States will face problems in: Nuclear proliferation Military interventions Economic policy Globalization Human rights High cost of defense Potential Problems in U.S. Foreign Policy Multilateral versus unilateral action Homeland security

25. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Globalization is the process by which growing economic relations and technological change make countries increasingly interdependent. New problems brought on by globalization: The drug trade Acid rain Labor Globalization Biodiversity Global warming Use of resources

26. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 18-4c Unilateralism v. Multilateralism Unilateralism The tendency of the United States to act alone in foreign affairs without consulting other countries. Multilateralism An approach in which two or more countries cooperate for the purpose of solving some common problem.

27. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Benefits of Multilateralism Cost of military actions or sanctions are shared Sharing of intelligence US is less likely to become the focus of opposition Aggressive actions by any one country are likely to be constrained or delayed Examples: Korea 1950-1953, Iraq 1990-91

28. Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2006 Costs of Multilateralism Policies and outcomes may not serve the US national interest Delay in negotiating policy actions US troops could be subject to foreign or UN commanders US military secrets could be exposed