1. Western Michigan University College of Aviation ETOPS Misrak Joseph December 6 th, 2006

2. An Overview of the Project Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards (“ETOPS”) Created by the ICAO AKA Engines Turning Or Passengers Swim It makes international flights feasible Its main advantages are for flying over: 1.Desert 2.Ocean 3.Polar routes ETOPS is known by most pilots as Equal Time Point ICAO, set regulations to allow airlines to have the right equipments such as skilled pilots, flight crews, and flight engineers

3. History In 1919, first nonstop transatlantic flight was made In 1958, FAA created the “60-minutes rule” The ICAO started to required the “90-minutes rule” In 1974, Airbus manufactured its first wide-body A300 Boeing Challenged Airbus by manufacturing the B757 & B767 The FAA & the ICAO set requirement called the ETOPS Regulations

4. Beginning of Transatlantic Routes In 1985, the FAA granted its 1st approval for ETOPS procedures TWA was given for its B767 the 1st ETOPS approval TWA was permitted for ETOPS-90 then ETOPS-120

5. Development of ETOPS The ETOPS-180 was created 95% of the earth’s surface available to ETOPS flights Boeing started to subsidized nations to build diversion airports Proving Test helped increase change ETOPS-180 to ETOPS-207 for B777 The JAA/the FAA disagreement about changes of ETOPS Regulations B777, the JAA rated ETOPS-120 & the FAA rated ETOPS-180

6. Qualifications for ETOPS Two requirements to be approved to fly ETOPS 1. ETOPS Type approval 2. ETOPS Operational approval

7. Types of ETOPS There are four types of ETOPS ratings 1.ETOPS-75 2.ETOPS-90 3.ETOPS-120 4.ETOPS-180/207 Airbus, A300 is legally operating under ETOPS-90 rules Most airlines are approved for ETOPS-120/138 95% of the earth’s surface is cover with ETOPS-180/207 Boeing has proposed rating beyond ETOPS-180/207 to ETOPS-240 to FAA This change was given with possible 330 minutes certificates ETOPS-240 hasn’t been standardized in Europe up to the present date.

8. Polar Routes & Its Benefits There is a nonstop flight for N.A. to Asia through the North Pole This method is used under the permission granted for flight into Russian airspace A Bilateral agreement was made in 1994 The cross-polar routes take international flights over previously un-travel territory B747 & B777 operate nonstop flights to Asia through the polar routes Benefits of polar routes is to give direct flights from N.A. to Asia countries The three vital benefits of the polar routes are: 1.Reduced operating Cost 2.Lower emissions 3.More competitive fares for passenger

19. Works Cited http://www.answers.com/topic/etops-lrops http://www.cnn.com The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)