1. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 9 CHAPTER 9 LANDSCAPES, SEDIMENTS, AND SOIL DEVELOPMENT

2. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 9 THE LITHOSPHERE AND THE LANDSCAPE Multi-lithology landscapes Landscape development – Davis’s theory of landscape evolution – The nine-unit land surface model Landscapes and the inheritance factor

3. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 9 CLIMATE AND LANDFORMS Arid landscapes Humid temperate landscapes Climate and time Landform combinations – physiographic regions

4. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 9 SOILS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Horizonation Soil texture – conventional size ranges Soil structure Organic matter in soils Soil colour Soil permeability Soil pH

5. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 9 SOIL-FORMING FACTORS Jenny’s equation Parent material Climate Organisms Relief (topography) Time

6. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 9 SOIL-FORMING PROCESSES Additions Losses Transfers Transformations

7. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 9 DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL TYPES Classification systems in different countries Soils and landscapes in Australia – Ancient deeply weathered landscapes – Erosional landscapes – Fluvial landscapes – Aeolian landscapes – Carbonate-rich landscapes – Coastal landscapes – Alpine and subalpine landscapes Soil landscape mapping