1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. Before the Industrial Revolution
Rural (agriculture-based) economy
Cottage system of production
Inefficient Agriculture (example: common pastures, three field (open field) system)

3. Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
(1) Acceptance of new crops (potatoes
and maize across Europe)
(2) Crop rotation (the four field system:
wheat, turnips, oats/barley, clover)
(3) The Enclosure Movement (improved soil
and livestock; displaced poor peasants –
formally-The Enclosure Act of 1801)
(4) Technological innovations and
agricultural propaganda
(1793 – Arthur Young and the Board of Agriculture)
“Prosperity under Farmer King George III” 

4. The Agricultural Revolution (cont.)
The Enclosure Movement

5. Agricultural Innovations:
Robert Bakewell – Jethro Tull’s
Stock (selective) Breeding Seed Drill
Year
Sheep (lbs)
Cattle (lbs)
1710 28
370
1795 80
800

6. Causes of the Industrial Revolution – POPULATION GROWTH
Why?
(1)Better resistance to diseases
(2) New crops
(3) More reliable food supply
(4) Young population (in early 19th century, 40% in England - under age of 15)

7. Causes of Agricultural Revolution Technological Changes in the 18th century
Spirit of innovation (scientific agriculture and less resistance to technology from urban guilds
Josiah Wedgewood – division of labor and pottery – from 1700s
Matthew Boulton’s Factory with Steam Engine

8. Technological Innovations: Steam Engine
Thomas Newcomen (1705) – first modern steam engine
James Watt (1763) – improvement on the original engine (partnership with Boulton and application in factories and Fulton’s steamship Claremont (1807))

9. Technological Innovations in Textile (Cotton) Industry
First industry to go through mechanization/
industrialization
Series of inventions reduced labor costs
- John Kay’s “Flying
Shuttle” (1733)
- Richard Arkwright’s
“Water Frame” (1771)
- James Hargreaves’ “Spinning
Jenny” (1778)
- Samuel Crompton’s “Mule” (1779)
The Spinning Jenny
Machine’s installed in mills close to water sources. Women had to leave homes to work in mills (factories)

10. Innovations in other Industries:
The Iron Industry (from Abraham Darby’s bridge (1779) to the Crystal Palace (1851))
Transportation
- Railroads (Stephenson’s
Rocket – 1820’s and 1830s)
- Steamboats and ships
(1838 Transatlantic Steamship
race)
Communication
(Electric Telegraph -1830s)

11. Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?
Diverse economy
- Export – oriented
- Colonies = sources of raw materials /
markets for finished goods
- Unified internal market
Natural resources and advantages of physical geography
- Large deposits of coal and iron
- Navigable rivers and coastline (canals!)
- Island = natural protection against invasion/wars
Strong navy and the largest merchant marine
Government responsive to business
- More “fluid” society
- Constitutional protections of private property

12. Changes in Social Patterns:
Urbanization
Improved connection between rural and urban areas (roads, canals, etc.)
Increase in lower class women’s and child’s labor
Formation of new social classes – urban working class (proletariat) and the new middle class
“Cult of domesticity”

13. “Culture” of the Industrial Factory Production
Rigid discipline (shifts/reg.hours)
New values (influenced by Methodism and middle class work ethic)

14. Urbanization: Living and Working Conditions
Uneven distribution of benefits from industrialization (middle class ; urban working class )
“Places of work” – unhealthy conditions
Working class housing – overcrowding = unsanitary!

15. New Social Classes Proletariat Bourgeoisie *Urban factory *Industrial
workers / poor
*Shared experience
of exploitation
*Expanded with
urbanization
Bourgeoisie
*Industrial
Entrepreneurs
*Urban professionals
*Small business
owners and
managers

16. Reform Efforts Edwin Chadwick and Robert Owen The Poor Law Commission
Legislation of the 1830s-40s
*The Factory Act of 1833
*The Poor Law Act of 1834
*The Coal Mines Act of 1842
*The Public Health Act of 1849
Edwin Chadwick
Robert Owen

17. Laissez faire (Capitalism) Luddism Chartism Utilitarianism
Economic and Political “Isms” – Responses to the Industrial Revolution:
Laissez faire (Capitalism)
Luddism
Chartism
Utilitarianism
Utopian socialism
Scientific socialism ----- (communism)

18. Industrialization on the Continent
Belgium, N.France and German states
Lagged behind Britain
British tech. expertise
Active gov’t involvement
Joint-stock investment banks

19. Economic Liberalism vs. National Interests
Adam Smith vs. Friedrich List
Free trade vs. Government
intervention (tariffs)
List’s theory: Three stages
1). Free trade (esp. with
industrialized countries)
2). Protectionism
3). Free trade

20. Impact of Industrialization on Non-Western World
The revolution spread from England to the rest of Western Europe and, eventually, the United States
Western powers projected their industrial dominance on non-Western societies through economic domination and military interference

21. Is the Industrial Revolution over?

22. Work Cited:
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