1. BACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA Introns in DNA
Lack peptidogycan in cell walls
Live in extreme environments
EUBACTERIA
Includes most bacteria
Most have one of three shapes
May be divided into up to 12 phyla
Classification is controversial

2. TYPES OF ARCHAEBACTERIA
Methanogens living in sewage
Thermoacidophilies Living in hot springs
Extreme halophile
living in the Great Salt Lake

3. BASIC SHAPES OF EUBACTERIA
ROD-SHAPED
SPIRILLA
SPHERICAL

4. Most Species of Eubacteria may be Grouped Based on Staining
Gram-Negative
Lack thicker layer of peptidoglycan
Stain pink
Endotoxins
Gram-Positive
Thicker layer of peptidogycan
Stain purple
Exotoxins (released when bacteria die)
Gram-positive
Gram- negative

5. Nutrition and Growth Saprophtes ex: decomposers
Photoautotrophs ex: blue-green algae
Obligate anaerobes ex: tetanus
Facultative anaerobes ex: E.Coli
Obligate aerobes ex: tuberculosis
Thermophilic bacteria
Most bacteria grow at at neutral pH but some grow best at a pH of 6 or lower
Bacteria that produce yogurt and sour cream

6. E. coli E. coli is the lab rat of the bacterial world.
E. coli is a normal resident of the large intestine in healthy people. It is a type of probiotic organism because it crowds out disease causing bacteria. E. coli also makes vitamin K which humans require to be healthy.
Although it is generally a good microbe, some strains make people sick. The toxic strains of this microbe are responsible for about half of all cases of traveler's diarrhea. One famous strain, O157:H7, has caused disease in people who eat uncooked hamburger.

7. Thermophiles
These bacteria feed an animal that cannot eat. The relatives of this microbe make life possible deep beneath the ocean near volcanic vents. This particular microbe lives inside and feeds tall white worms sporting red, feathery caps, that live at the dark bottom of the sea.
The microbes and the worm depend upon each other for survival in what is called a symbiotic relationship.

8. Sewage Sludge
Sewage is home to many microbes. Many of these microbes are the main workers in cleaning up sewage sludge. They eat the sludge and release carbon dioxide gas,water and trace minerals. These weird, coiled-shaped microbes live with other microbes in a culture from sewage sludge.
The bacterium shown above is unusual because it is coiled. No on knows why they grow in coils.

9. Serratia marscescens
This common microbe is found in soil, water, on plants and in animals.
Most microbiologists are all too familiar with Serratia marscescens, one of the most frequent contaminants of Petri plates in the lab. This same organism also grows on bread and communion wafers which have been stored in a damp place.
Because this microbe is so common, because of its bright red color and because it used to be considered benign, scientists and teachers frequently used it in experiments to track microbes and to demonstrate the importance of hand washing. For example, it was used to in handshaking experiments in which one person dipped a hand in a broth of S. marcescens and then shook hands with another person who in turn shook the hand of another and so on down the line.
More recently, S. marcescens has been found to be pathogenic to some people, and it is no longer recommended for use in schools and is not as widely used to track bacterial movement in the environment.

10. Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus is a Gram positive, aerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Like many bacteria, B. cereus is both a friend and a foe of humans. Sometimes it behaves as a friend in that it is used as a form of biocontrol to help us get rid of unwanted pests. For example, B. cereus deters certain fungi from rotting seedling plants.
B. cereus can also be a serious foe when it causes food poisoning.

11. CYANOBACTERIA BLUE-GREEN ALGAE

12. Genetic Recombination
Transformation - Bacteria take in DNA from its external environment.
Transduction – a virus obtains DNA from host bacteris
Conjugation

13. Conjugation of E. coli

14. Antibiotics
Antibiotics are drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with cellular functions
Penicillin – interferes with cell wall production
Tetracycline – interferes with protein production
Sulfa drugs – produced in the laboratory
Broad-spectrum antibiotics will affect a wide variety of organisms

15. Penicillin
This amazing fungus produces the famous antibiotic, penicillin. In Alexander Fleming observed that a mold called Penicillium notatum produced a substance, later known as penicillin, that killed bacteria in its presence. This antibiotic was the first of many to be found and used to treat infections.
Interferes with cell wall production.
This fungus makes antibiotics and cheese. Other varieties of the fungus produce blue cheese and Roquefort cheeses.