2.  Chronic training effects are achieved after a period of training, and once produced remains a feature of the body until training ceases. Detraining occurs if the athlete ceases training and the body reverts to the pre-exercise level.

3.  Cardiovascular Responses Cardiac Hypertrophy Hypertrophy of the muscle fibres (anaerobic training) Increase in the size of the left ventricle (aerobic training)

4. Cardiovascular Responses Decreased Heart Rate (HR) Lower resting Heart Rate Lower Heart Rate in sub max exercise Slower increase in Heart Rate during exercise Faster return to resting Heart Rate post exercise Lower and Faster Steady State Maximum Heart Rate is unchanged

5. Cardiovascular Responses Increased Stroke volume (SV) From Wikipedia: ‘stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beatblood ventricleheart

6. Cardiovascular Responses Increased Cardiac Output (Q) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle in a minute. An average cardiac output would be 5L.min -1 for a human male and 4.5L.min -1 for a femaleheartventricle Q = SV x HR

7. Cardiovascular Responses  Increased Vascularisation - training stimulates growth of new blood vessels  Reduced Blood Pressure (BP)  Increased Blood Volume  Increased Haemoglobin levels

8. Cardiovascular Responses Increased Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference (A-VO2) Increased absorption of oxygen by the muscles due to increase in the myoglobin and the increased number and size of the mitochondria

9. Respiratory Responses  Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. Increasedlung volume

10.  Respiratory Responses  Minute Ventilation during sub-max exercise  decreased  Minute Ventilation during max exercise  increased  Minute Ventilation is the total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute. V = Tidal Volume x Respiration Rate

11. Respiratory Responses  Decreased Oxygen Consumption by the Diaphragm and the Intercostals during submaximal exercise.  Increased VO 2 max

12. Respiratory Responses  Improved Lung Function – larger lung volume, increased alveolar-capillary surface area  Aerobic Capacity – generally increases between 10 and 25% in the first 6months of an intense aerobic training program. Generally an increase of 40% within 2 years

13. Muscular Adaptations Fast Twitch a] fibres can take on Slow Twitch Characteristics Increased size of fast-twitch (anaerobic training) or slow twitch fibres (aerobic training) Increased ATP, CP, Creatine and Glycogen stored in the muscles Increased ATP-PC splitting and resynthesis of enzymes

14. Muscular Adaptations  Increased Glycolytic Capacity  Increased Contractile Proteins  Increased myosin ATPase  Increased muscle pH buffering

15. Muscular Adaptations  Increased muscle hyperplasia Hyperplasia (or "hypergenesis") is a general term referring to the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that which is ordinarily seen (e.g. constantly dividing cells).constantly dividing cells  Increased mitochondria density and number  Increased myoglobin stores

16. Muscular Adaptations  Increased oxidative capacity via increased oxidative enzymes  Increased capillary density  Increased fat utilisation in sub maximal exercise

17.  Muscular Adaptations  Increased stores and use of intramuscular triglycerides  Increased synthesis of glycogen  Increased storage of glycogen