1. With your host…Ms. Turner! Proteins, Protein Synthesis, Mutations, & Biotechnology Test Review

2. Proteins Central Dogma MutationsBiotechnology DNA Fingerprinting 10 20 30 40 50

3. Proteins : 10 What are proteins made out of? (aka What are the “building blocks” of proteins?) ANSWER

4. Proteins : 10 - Answer Amino Acids

5. Proteins : 20 Where do amino acids come from? ANSWER

6. Proteins : 20 - Answer Some amino acids humans can make for themselves. Others have to be obtained through consumption (eating).

7. Proteins : 30 What are the three main types of proteins? ANSWER

8. Proteins : 30 - Answer Structural Signaling Enzymatic Can you name an example of each?

9. Proteins : 40 How many different amino acids are there? What is the name of the bond that holds them together in a chain? ANSWER

10. Proteins : 40 - Answer 20 different types of amino acids. Peptide Bonds hold amino acids together in a chain. (Does it make sense that a chain of two or more amino acids can be called a polypeptide?)

11. Proteins : 50 Enzymes are an important category of proteins. What in general do enzymes do and why are they so important? ANSWER

12. Proteins : 50 - Answer In general, enzymes build molecules up and break molecules down (they “initiate synthesis or lysis/cleavage chemical reactions”). Enzymes lower activation energy and promote rapid reactions to occur. Without enzymes, organisms would have to heat to a lethal (deadly) temperature or else life sustaining reactions would occur too slowly.

13. Central Dogma : 10 What three processes make up the “Central Dogma” of Biology? ANSWER

14. Central Dogma : 10 - Answer Extra questions What enzymes are involved in these processes? How is each process different from the next?

15. Central Dogma : 20 Name at least 3 SPECIFIC differences between DNA and RNA. (could be structural or other) ANSWER

16. Central Dogma : 20 - Answer DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose. DNA has A,T,C,G while RNA has A,U,C,G. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded. DNA is replicated entirely, RNA is only transcribed for genes. DNA replication happens once for a cell, RNA transcription happens many times.

17. Central Dogma : 30 Draw a quick sketch of the following and label which processes are occurring where. ANSWER

18. Central Dogma : 30 - Answer DNA Replication and Transcription both happen in the nucleus. Translation happens in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. Can you name all of the structures?

19. Central Dogma : 40 Using the following sequence of DNA, what would the polypeptide be? ANSWER A T G G G G A C C A A T

20. Central Dogma : 40 - Answer A T G G G G A C C A A T U A C C C C U G G U U A Tyr – Pro – Trp - Leu

22. Central Dogma : 50 Diagram how translation occurs. Be sure to use the following correctly: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, codon, amino acid, peptide bond ANSWER

23. Central Dogma : 50 - Answer mRNA docks on the ribosome. It is read one codon at a time. The anticodon on a tRNA molecule matches the mRNA and brings the correct amino acid. Amino acids are bonded together with peptide bonds. (How does the ribosome know when to start making the protein and then to stop?)

24. Mutations : 10 Define mutation. ANSWER

25. Mutations : 10 - Answer A mutation is a change in the genetic code (DNA) of an organism.

26. Mutations : 20 What can cause mutations? ANSWER

27. Mutations : 20 - Answer Mutations can occur naturally if a base is incorrectly copied Mutations can be induced by environmental factors such as radiation (UV, X-ray), chemicals (asbestos), biological (viral infections).

28. Mutations : 30 Name the three kinds of point mutations and explain how they are different. ANSWER

29. Mutations : 30 - Answer (all point mutations is a change in one base on the DNA molecule) 1.Silent: the base change doesn’t change the amino acid coded for by the codon (protein unaffected) 2.Missense: the base change does change the amino acid – could result in a functional or nonfunctional protein depending on where in the protein the amino acid was (and how important it was to the protein’s function) 3.Nonsense: the base change results in a stop codon instead of an amino acid thus stunting the formation of the protein (most likely causing it not to work)

30. Mutations : 40 How is a body cell mutation different from a sex cell mutation? (why is this important?) ANSWER

31. Mutations : 40 - Answer Body Cell Mutations If the mutation occurs in somatic cells, it will be restricted to the tissues of a single organism, not passing it to the next generation Sex Cell Mutations If the mutation occur in the reproductive cells (gametes), they may be transmitted by gametes to the next generation

32. Mutations : 50 Draw an example of a frameshift mutation. ANSWER

33. Mutations : 50 - Answer Can show any sort of insertion or deletion of one or more bases which then changes the reading frame of the codons.

34. Biotechnology : 10 What units do micropipettes measure in? ANSWER

35. Biotechnology : 10 - Answer Microliters ɥ L

36. Biotechnology : 20 Which direction would DNA move in a gel electrophoresis box? How do you know? ANSWER

37. Biotechnology : 20 - Answer DNA would move toward the positive end (the anode) because it is negatively charged. (Which part of DNA is negative??)

38. Biotechnology : 30 Name three properties that affect the rate of movement of molecules through agarose gel. ANSWER

39. Biotechnology : 30- Answer Size* Charge* Shape Molecular Weight *Most important for our purposes

40. Biotechnology : 40 What property of the agarose gel makes it useful to sort molecules by properties such as size and shape? ANSWER

41. Biotechnology : 40 - Answer Agarose gels contain microscopic pores that act as sieves (they sort the molecules because it’s easier for some molecules to work their way through the pores).

42. Biotechnology : 50 What TWO purposes does the buffer used in gel electrophoresis serve? ANSWER

43. Biotechnology : 50 - Answer The buffer serves to make the water a better conductor of electricity and to control the pH.

44. DNA Fingerprinting : 10 Which fragment could you state is the smallest out of all of the fragments on this DNA fingerprint? (Could be from any lane) ANSWER 12345

45. DNA Fingerprinting : 10 - Answer The band that is farthest from the wells is the smallest. 12345

46. DNA Fingerprinting : 20 What is the purpose of restriction enzymes? ANSWER

47. DNA Fingerprinting : 20 - Answer Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences. (Thus making different sized fragments of DNA that will make different bands on the gel)

48. DNA Fingerprinting : 30 Who committed the crime? How do you know? ANSWER

49. DNA Fingerprinting : 30 - Answer The banding pattern on the DNA fingerprint is an exact match to Suspect 1.

50. DNA Fingerprinting : 40 Which Male is the father of this child? EXPLAIN how this is different from DNA fingerprint use in with solving crimes. ANSWER

51. DNA Fingerprinting : 40 - Answer Half of the child’s DNA bands would match the mother’s and the other half would match the Man’s. In crime solving, you typically look for an EXACT match.

52. DNA Fingerprinting : 50 Why do we use the control DNA (in lane 2) to help us determine if Valerie has the mutation characteristic of Li- Fraumeni syndrome? ANSWER

53. DNA Fingerprinting : 50 - Answer The control test tube is used to compare if she has any normal p53 tumor suppressor genes. In her blood and normal breast tissue she is heterozygous meaning she has one normal gene and one mutated.