1. An Overview of Agriculture Insurance in India Dr. Rajiv Mehta Adviser Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture Govt. of India Expert Meeting on Requirements of Catastrophe Insurance and Weather Risk Management Markets World Meteorological Organisation Geneva 5 th to 7 th December 2007

2. 2 Vulnerability of Agriculture  Large population dependence oIn India, 70% population rural oTwo third livelihood depends on agriculture and allied activities o120 Million farm holdings o107 million agriculture labour  Weak asset base oAverage size of operational holdings : 1.32 Hectares o82% Holdings Small and marginal (2 or less than 2 hectares) oHuman asset - Skill, education, health, information  Climate and Market aberrations o 60 percent agriculture rain dependent o Diversity of climatic conditions oOccurrence of floods, droughts, pests o Logistics and connectivity (600 thousand villages) o Market vulnerability – disadvantage in price realisation

3. Annual Rainfall Distribution 74% 13% 10% 3% South West Monsoon (June -Sept) Pre Monsoon ( Mar –May ) North East Monsoon (Oct –Dec ) Winter ( Jan - Feb)

4. Spatial Distribution of Rainfall Low Rainfall Zone (Less than 750 mm) Very High Rainfall Zone (Above 2000 mm) High Rainfall Zone (1125 – 2000 mm) Medium Rainfall Zone (750 to 1125 mm)

5. 5 Diversity of Cropping Pattern Geographical Area: 328 Net Cropped Area : 141 Gross Cropped Area: 191 Gross irrigated Area : 78 (in Million HA)

6. 6 Monsoon Aberration 2002 Drought 2002 July 2002 rainfall deficiency : - 49% Monsoon 2002 rainfall deficiency : - 19% 21 out of 36 Met-Subdivisions received deficient/scanty rainfall

7. 7 Socio – Economic Impact Spread – 1.8 million square kilometers 300 million people affected 700 million cattle Affected Drought 2002 Crop Area Affected - 62 million hectares (30% of total crop area) Food-grains Production fall - 24 million tonnes from normal (12%) Drinking water shortage - 120,000 rural habitations and 500 Towns/ Cities

8. 8 Genesis of Crop Insurance in India Vital for stable agricultural growth and risk management Modalities of crop insurance – Individual approach Necessitates reliable and accurate data of crop yields of individual farmers for a sufficiently long period Moral Hazards –Homogenous area approach Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS) 1986 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) 1999-2000 Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited (AIC) –Incorporated in December 2002 –Authorized Share Capital : Rs 15 Billions (USD 375 Millions) –Paid-up Capital Rs 2 Billions (USD 50 Millions) –Share holders Lead Public Insurance Companies and NABARD Rainfall Insurance

9. 9 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pests & diseases. To encourage the farmers to adopt progressive farming practices, high value inputs and higher technology in Agriculture. To help stabilise farm incomes, particularly in disaster years.

10. 10 NAIS – Eligibility and Coverage Food crops (Cereals, Millets & Pulses), Oilseeds, Sugarcane, Cotton & Potato (Annual Commercial / annual Horticultural crops) –Availability of past yield data based on Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) –Requisite number of CCEs are conducted for estimating the yield during the proposed season All farmers including sharecroppers, tenant farmers growing the notified crops in the notified areas are eligible for coverage –Compulsory for Loanee farmers –Voluntary for others

11. 11 NAIS - RISKS COVERED & EXCLUSIONS Comprehensive risk cover of yield losses due to non preventable risks, –Natural Fire and Lightning –Storm, Hailstorm, Cyclone, Typhoon, Tempest, Hurricane, Tornado etc. –Flood, Inundation and Landslide – Drought, Dry spells – Pests/ Diseases etc. Losses arising out of war & nuclear risks, malicious damage & other preventable risks excluded. Sum Insured (SI) –extend to the value of the Threshold Yield (TY) of the insured crop at the option of the insured farmers –beyond value of Threshold Yield level upto 150% of Average Yield (AY) of notified area on payment of premium at commercial rates –Loanee farmers the Sum Insured would be at least equal to the amount of crop loan advanced

12. 12 Premium Rates 1.5 % to 3.5 % of SI or Actuarial, which ever is less 50% premium subsidy to small and marginal farmers Seasonality discipline Indemnity –Area Approach –Shortfall in Yield X Sum Insured for the farmer Threshold yield –Specific localised risk (Hail, floods, cyclone)

13. 13 NAIS – Business Statistics 1999-2000 to Kharif 2005 FARMERS COVEREDMillions75.08 AREAMillion HA121.99 SUM INSUREDRs. Billion706.91 PREMIUMRs. Billion22.25 SUBSIDYRs. Billion2.40 TOTAL CLAIMSRs. Billion64.71 CLAIMS PAIDRs. Billion58.95 CLAIMS PAYABLERs. Billion5.76 FARMERS BENEFITTED Millions19.74

14. 14 Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme ( Pilot 2007) Trigger: moisture/water requirement of Crop to produce a standard yield ( Groundnut ) Trigger Stages for Rainfall deficiency 1.Sowing & Germination : 2. Vegetative phase: 3. Flowering & Pegging: 4. Pod formation & Maturity: Trigger Stages for Excess Rainfall 1.Flowering and Pegging 2.Pod Formation and Maturity: Total Sum Insured Rs 15,000 per hectare Premium capped at Rs 525 per hectare Commercial and capped premium difference subsidized Automatic Weather Stations to measure rainfall

15. 15 Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme ( Pilot 2007) Trigger for Rainfall Deficiency (Pilot Karnataka, District Haveri, Crop Ground Nut)

16. 16 THANKS Contact email: rajivmehta2003@rediffmail.comrajivmehta2003@rediffmail.com