1. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.1 Stages in electrical signal measuring system.

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.2 Generic voltage amplifier.

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.3 Amplifier frequency response.

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.4 Frequency distortion of a square wave due to high-frequency attenuation.

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.5 Effect of phase angle on signal.

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.6 Typical phase-angle response of amplifier.

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.7 Effect on signal of linear and nonlinear phase-angle variation with frequency: (a) original signal; (b) phase angle varies linearly with frequency; (c) phase angle varies nonlinearly with frequency.

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.8 Models for (a) source and (b) amplifier. (Based on Franco, 2002.)

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.9 Combined model of (a) input source, (b) amplifier, and (c) output load. (Based on Franco, 2002.)

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure E3.1

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.10 Operational amplifier symbol and simplified model.

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.11 Simple noninverting amplifier using an op-amp.

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.12 Frequency response of op-amp amplifier.

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.13 Inverting op-amp amplifier.

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.14 True differential input instrument amplifier. (From Franco, 2002.)

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.15 Attenuation using dividing network.

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure E3.3a

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure E3.3b

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.16 Categories of electrical filters: (a) lowpass; (b) highpass; (c) bandpass; (d) bandstop.

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.17 Gain of lowpass Butterworth filters as a function of order and frequency.

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.18 Gain of lowpass Chebyshev filters as a function of order and frequency.

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.19 Comparison of Butterworth and Bessel phase-angle variation with frequency.

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.20 Gain of lowpass Bessel filters as a function of order and frequency.

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.21 Lowpass Butterworth filter using op-amp: (a) op-amp circuit; (b) frequency response.

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.22 First-order Butterworth highpass filter using an op-amp: (a) op-amp circuit; (b) frequency response.

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.23 Bandpass filter using op-amp: (a) op-amp circuit; (b) frequency response.

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.24 Op-amp circuits for (a) integration and (b) differentiation.

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.25 Op-amp comparator: (a) circuit; (b) output voltage.

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.26 Digital multimeter with a digital voltmeter as a mode of operation. (Courtesy of Triplett Corp.)

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.27 Cathode ray oscilloscope. (Courtesy of Tektronix, Inc.)

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.28 Schematic view of cathode ray tube.

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.29 Block diagram of analog oscilloscope.

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.30 Strip-chart recorder.

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.31 Interference sources for signal wiring.

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.32 Source of ground loop.

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.33 Grounding and shielding of system components.

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Engineering Experimentation, Third Edition Anthony J. Wheeler Ahmad R. Ganji Figure 3.34 Current-loop signal transmission.