1. Lecture 12 Digital Divide (wrap-up) Social Issues in Privacy and Surveillance

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4. 4 The Global Divide Dilemma So far, as divides between countries decrease, within-country divisions often increase. As ICTs raise the wages and competitiveness of workers and companies to stay competitive with other countries, they exacerbate inequality within a country because of increasing wage difference with ICT- enabled jobs. As ICTs raise the wages and competitiveness of workers and companies to stay competitive with other countries, they exacerbate inequality within a country because of increasing wage difference with ICT- enabled jobs. Local content versus global content– impact for free speech… and, yes, localism

5. 5 Social Inclusion Social inclusion is a matter not only of an adequate share of resources, but also of "participation in the determination of both individual and collective life chances" (Stewart, 2000).

6. 6 Rethinking the concept: “Digital Divide” (Warschauer) “The notion of a digital divide suggests a digital solution--i.e., trying to solve a social problem by throwing computers and Internet connections into the mix.” "Technology for social inclusion deemphasizes the notion of bridging divides and instead looks at the broader goal--achieving social inclusion for all--and then considers the role that technology can play within that.”

7. 7 Solving the underlying problems Information and Communication Technology for Developing Countries (ICT4D) is more than just about computers and Internet access Using information technologies to improve communication within and between communities Using information technologies to improve communication within and between communities Moving beyond “technology as a means to an end” Just putting computers, cell phones, Internet connections in new places does necessarily solve problems. Just putting computers, cell phones, Internet connections in new places does necessarily solve problems.

8. 8 Specifying the Problem and finding Solutions Many initiatives in areas of infrastructure, training programs, school computer programs, healthcare, agriculture, etc. http://www.digitaldivide.net/ Large community of researchers, policy makers, activists and lots of links to research, briefings, etc Large community of researchers, policy makers, activists and lots of links to research, briefings, etc www.bridges.org Non-profit org for ICT in developing world Non-profit org for ICT in developing world http://gapminder.org/ Human development trends, statistics Human development trends, statistics

9. 9 Privacy and Surveillance

10. 10 Privacy in Social Science Explored for decades from many different social theoretical perspectives Erving Goffman: privacy is part of any ongoing social relationship where individuals are viewed as attempting to control perception. Erving Goffman: privacy is part of any ongoing social relationship where individuals are viewed as attempting to control perception. Thus, ‘privacy’ is control over one’s persona We could argue, then, that the current IT privacy debate is just a reframing: We could argue, then, that the current IT privacy debate is just a reframing: Privacy is control over one’s personal data

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12. 12 Michel Foucault: Power/Knowledge

13. 13 Lankshear and Mason (2001) Qualitative study of two call centers, both with electronic monitoring capabilities Generally, does not find much support for the ‘panopticon effect’ Context of ‘watchers’ having same interests in success as the ‘watched’ Context of ‘watchers’ having same interests in success as the ‘watched’ Given the context, is it surprising that workers would not maximize productivity in the face of surveillance? Given the context, is it surprising that workers would not maximize productivity in the face of surveillance?

14. 14 Broader concerns about Surveillance and Privacy in IT Monitoring what you do now Government (Carnivore, wiretapping) Government (Carnivore, wiretapping) Hackers/Identity Theft Hackers/Identity Theft Company Interests (P2P monitoring, corporate emails) Company Interests (P2P monitoring, corporate emails) Finding out what you have done Googlestalking Googlestalking Electronic records Electronic records