1. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Chapter 12

2. THE SPINAL CORD

3. Spinal Cord Anatomy

10. THE SPINAL NERVES

11. Spinal Nerve Anatomy

13. Spinal Nerve Distribution

14. Spinal Nerves of the Body

15. The Cervical Plexus

17. Cervical Plexus  Most branches are cutaneous nerves that supply sensory impulses from the skin of the neck, ear, back of the head and shoulders  Other branches innervate the muscles of the anterior neck  Phrenic nerve = sole motor nerve supply to the diaphragm for breathing

18. The Brachial Plexus

21. o Median nerve: Flexor muscles of the anterior forearm and intrinsic muscles in palm; pronates the forearm, flex the wrist and fingers, and oppose the thumb o Radial nerve: largest branch; posterior muscles of the arm and forearm; innervates all the extensor muscles for elbow, wrist, and finger extension, forearm supination, and thumb abduction

22. The Brachial Plexus o Ulnar nerve: produces wrist and finger flexion and adduction as well as abduction of the medial fingers o Suprascapular nerve: innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles for movement of the shoulder

23. Intercostal Nerves

24. The Lumbar Plexus

27. o Femoral nerve: the largest terminal nerve of this plexus and innervates the anterior muscles of the thigh (thigh flexors and knee extensors). Branches to form the saphenous nerve on the medial thigh and knee extending to the foot. o Obturator nerve: innervates the adductor muscles of the leg.

28. The Sacral Plexus

31. o Sciatic nerve: which supplies the entire lower limb (leg) except the anteromedial thigh.  Tibial nerve – flexors of the knee and extensors of the ankle, flexors of the toes, and plantar surface of the foot.  Fibular nerve. – biceps femoris muscle and tibialis anterior muscle; extensors of the toes, surface of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot.

32. The Sacral Plexus o Pudendal nerve - innervates muscles of the perineum, urogenital diaphragm and external anal and urethral sphincter muscles; skin of the genitalia.

33. REFLEXES

34. NEURAL CIRCUITS Divergence Parallel Serial Convergence Reverberation

35. Neural Circuits

41. Steps of the Reflex Arc

42. Classification of Reflexes

44. Monosynaptic Reflexes

45. Polysynaptic Reflexes

46. Types of Reflexes  Stretch  Flexor reflex  Crossed extensor reflex

47. Stretch Reflex

48. Flexor Reflex

49. Crossed Extensor Reflex

50. Reflexes Used in Diagnostic Testing