3. Is global warming real? +0,8°

4. So, if it is +0,1° on 90% of the surface and +10° over the poles, it is still 1 degree average but then BIG PROBLEM Do we care about +1°? If it is +1° everywhre, including the poles, OK The poles = 10% of earth’s surface

5. +4 to +7° at the North pole in January this year! So, we don’t care about the global temperature What matters is the increase at the poles

6. The heat is brought from the equator to the poles by the winds Why are the poles getting warmer? The earth is like a giant warm plate cooled down by a small and very cold spot Any additional heat will concentrate at the poles

7. Grenoble (France) today It was just 8° colder  2 km of ice!!! but 20,000 years ago… So,what about if we get plus 4° in the future? ? Plus 1 degree is not much?

8. Where does all this mess come from? Is it natural? Hope not, because there would be nothing we can do! Or is it due to human being activities? Most probably, even if some natural effect can overlap A most probable culprit is CO 2 which produces greenhouse effect Today, it is 1° per 100 years : 10 times faster! In the past, natural warming occurred at 10° per 10,000 years (or 1° per 1,000 years)

9. The greenhouse effect

10. Heat is trapped The earth surface temperature would be -15 °C without the greenhouse effect Greenhouse effect = life Without greenhouse effect Risk of imbalance Water vapor = 95%; CO 2 = 4% The earth is a greenhouse the glass is our atmosphere

11. The earth is in equilibrium Sun heat 10 kg Radiations 10 kg Equilibrium temperature at the surface of the earth = 15°C But a peanut can have a large effect!!! The equilibrium is slowly broken The temperature is rising Human being effect is peanuts!

12. Carbon dioxide content is rising We reject 35 billions tons of CO 2 per year 1 ppm =0,0001 %; 1% = 10,000 ppm

13. 380 ppm is not much? Still want to take a bath? If you pour half a glass of wine into your bathtub… That’s 380 ppm! Let’s take a bath

14. We pump carbon from an underground reservoir We burn it at the surface to produce energy We dump it to the atmospheric reservoir Fossil fuel reservoir almost infinite (if you accept to pay the price) Atmospheric reservoir almost saturated

15. The problem is not a shortage of oil But a shortage of air!

16. Who is polluting our greenhouse? Road = 1/5 th of total (cars = 10%) Road = ¾ transportation Transportation = 28%

17. We need green cars Electric cars represent a good solution – Storage of energy by batteries Range limited to less than 200 km OK if the electricity comes from renewable sources – Storage of energy by using Hydrogen More than 600 km range H2 can be produced from renewable sources

18. Electrolysis : one way to produce Hydrogen Oxydation at the anode Reduction at the cathode 1,229 V

19. ELECTROLYSIS Water + power  H 2 + O 2 H 2 + O 2  Power + Water FUEL CELL

20. A fuel cell : how does it work? Hydrogen + Oxygen= electricity + water 1,229 V H2OH2O H

21. Hydrogen fuel cell car An electrical vehicle without battery Hydrogen is stored in high pressure tanks (700 atmospheres) Exhaust : only water vapor Can run 500 – 800 km 90-100 mph

22. X-TRAIL

23. FCHV

24. Clarity

25. Class - A

26. How to refill the car?

27. How to produce Hydrogen? By water electrolysis : expensive – Electricity from fossil, nuclear or renewable sources By cracking natural gas (CH 4 ) – Releases CO 2, but saves 30% compared to burning gasoline Or ….

28. O nce upon a time… CO 2 biogas bio-H 2 Totally neutral and green

29. So, there are plenty ways to reduce our C02 emissions Yes indeed, we can limit the global warming But will this be enough?

30. The internet cable network

31. Apple data center Data centers in the world = 12 nuclear reactors 1 billions PCs = 60 nuclear reactors Modem/routers: 18 nuclear reactors 5% worldwide electricity, rapidly growing Telephone relay tower