1. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA robock@envsci.rutgers.edu http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock Climate Dynamics 11:670:461 Lecture 6, 9/22/14

2. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Global warming seen in multiple data sets Fig. TS.1

3. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

4. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

5. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

6. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Glaciers, Antarctica, and Greenland are all melting and contributing to sea level rise. SLE = sea level equivalent IPCC AR5 WGI Fig. TS.3

7. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Mann et al. (1999)

8. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Figure 19: Northern Hemisphere reconstructed temperature change since 200 AD

9. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences From IPCC AR4 Technical Summary

10. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.1

11. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.2

12. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.3

13. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.4

14. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.5

15. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.6

16. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences A =  r 2 r A = 4  r 2 Greenhouse Effect TsTs Emission =  T e 4 S 0 = 1368 W m -2   = planetary albedo (0.30) Sun Earth

17. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Global Energy Balance Incoming Energy = Outgoing Energy  r 2 S 0 (1-  ) = 4  r 2  T e 4 r=radius of Earth S 0 = solar constant (1368 W/m 2 )  =planetary albedo (0.30)  =Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10 8 W m -2 K -4 ) T e =effective temperature of the Earth T s =observed global average surface temperature Greenhouse Effect T s =288 K T e =255 K 33 K (33C° = 59F°) Greenhouse Effect

18. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences S 0 = “solar constant” = 1368 W/m 2  = planetary albedo = 0.30 T e = effective temperature T s = surface temperature Greenhouse gases Greenhouse Effect Ts4Ts4 Te4Te4 T s = 288K = 15°C (Observed) Sensible and latent heat Te4Te4 T s = T e = 255K = -18°C  T e 4 Greenhouse Effect

19. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

20. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

21. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Robock (1983) SME OSIRIS SAGE II, III